{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:47:38Z","timestamp":1792810058668,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]],"date-time":"2025-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP23489874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP23489874"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Crataegus almaatensis, an endemic hawthorn species from Kazakhstan, is known for its rich content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids with significant pharmacological potential. This study aimed to optimize and compare conventional solid\u2013liquid extraction (SLE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) processes for maximizing the extractability of bioactive compounds from hawthorn leaves powder. Methods: The effects of temperature, extraction time, ethanol concentration, and solid-to-liquid ratio (or ultrasound power in the case of UAE) on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (FRAP, DPPH, and ABTS assays) were systematically evaluated. Results: The UAE method yielded higher concentrations of TPC and TFC, with up to 16% improvement in TPC and reduced ethanol usage (40% (v\/v)) compared to SLE (75% (v\/v)), demonstrating its efficiency and sustainability. Optimal extraction conditions were identified as 70 \u00b0C, 75% ethanol, 34 min, and an S\/L ratio of 0.05 g\/mL for SLE, 70 \u00b0C, 40% ethanol, 44 min, and 100 W US power for UAE. High-resolution HPLC-DAD and LC-Q\/TOF-MS analyses confirmed the presence of key phenolic acids and flavonoid glycosides, including chlorogenic acid and apigenin-8-C-glucoside-2\u2032-rhamnoside as the most abundant compounds identified. Conclusions: These findings validate UAE as an innovative, eco-friendly method for extracting bioactive compounds from hawthorn leaves and highlight its potential for developing natural antioxidants for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14081003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T07:53:12Z","timestamp":1755503592000},"page":"1003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Optimization of Conventional and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction to Maximize Recovery of Total Phenolic Content and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity from Crataegus almaatensis Leaves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7258-746X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhanar","family":"Nabiyeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Food Safety, Almaty Technological University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Almaty Technological University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akerke","family":"Kulaipbekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Almaty Technological University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0254-8307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"Carpentieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0395-3379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuliya","family":"Pronina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Almaty Technological University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5286-5175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdyssemat","family":"Samadun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Food Safety, Almaty Technological University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elmira","family":"Assembayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology, Almaty Technological University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"},{"name":"ProdAl Scarl, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.142672","article-title":"Effects of Different Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Physicochemical Properties, Functional Characteristics and Metabolic Characteristics of Fermented Hawthorn Juice","volume":"470","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soares, S.S., Bekbolatova, E., Cotrim, M.D., Sakipova, Z., Ibragimova, L., Kukula-Koch, W., Giorno, T.B.S., Fernandes, P.D., Fonseca, D.A., and Boylan, F. 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