{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T08:26:57Z","timestamp":1787905617902,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":234,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["114-2314-B-182A-036-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2314-B-182A-036-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["114-2314-B-182A-048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2314-B-182A-048"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["CMRPG8Q0261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG8Q0261"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan","award":["114-2314-B-182A-036-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2314-B-182A-036-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan","award":["114-2314-B-182A-048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2314-B-182A-048"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan","award":["CMRPG8Q0261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG8Q0261"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan","award":["26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26"]}]},{"name":"Cheng Shiu University, Taiwan","award":["114-2314-B-182A-036-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2314-B-182A-036-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Cheng Shiu University, Taiwan","award":["114-2314-B-182A-048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2314-B-182A-048"]}]},{"name":"Cheng Shiu University, Taiwan","award":["CMRPG8Q0261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG8Q0261"]}]},{"name":"Cheng Shiu University, Taiwan","award":["26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of global mortality, despite advances in adult-focused prevention and therapy. Mounting evidence supports the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) paradigm, which identifies early-life exposures as critical determinants of long-term cardiovascular health. Among the key mechanistic pathways, oxidative stress and gut microbiota dysbiosis have emerged as central, interrelated contributors to cardiovascular programming. Prenatal and postnatal insults can induce sustained redox imbalance and disrupt microbial homeostasis. This disruption creates a feed-forward loop that predisposes offspring to CVD later in life. Antioxidants offer a promising reprogramming strategy by targeting both oxidative stress and gut microbiota composition. Preclinical studies demonstrate that maternal antioxidant interventions\u2014such as vitamins, amino acids, melatonin, polyphenols, N-acetylcysteine, and synthetic agents\u2014can restore redox homeostasis, modulate gut microbial communities, and attenuate cardiovascular risk in offspring. This review synthesizes current evidence on how oxidative stress and gut microbiota act together to shape cardiovascular trajectories. It also examines how antioxidant-based therapies may disrupt this pathological axis during critical developmental windows. Although human data remain limited due to ethical and practical constraints, advancing microbiota-targeted antioxidant interventions may offer a transformative approach to prevent CVD at its origins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14091049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T14:18:49Z","timestamp":1756217929000},"page":"1049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Antioxidants, Gut Microbiota, and Cardiovascular Programming: Unraveling a Triad of Early-Life Interactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7470-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Ning","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Jui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Early Childhood Care and Education, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8007-6077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Yao","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3560-7470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guo-Ping","family":"Chang-Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4884-8081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shu-Fen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7059-6407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"You-Lin","family":"Tain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e596","article-title":"2019 ACC\/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"140","author":"Arnett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2018.09.511","article-title":"Global Atlas of Cardiovascular Disease 2000-2016: The Path to Prevention and Control","volume":"13","author":"Thomas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. 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