{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:33:05Z","timestamp":1787027585641,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted by wood smoke is a significant environmental pollutant associated with oxidative stress and hypoxia. These conditions can disrupt placental function by altering the expression of key nutrient transporters, such as glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 (SVCT2), which are essential for fetal development. This study evaluates the effects of pregestational and gestational exposure to PM2.5 on GLUT1 and SVCT2 expression in the rat placenta. Pregnant Sprague\u2013Dawley rats were exposed to either filtered air (FA) or non-filtered air (NFA) containing PM2.5 from wood combustion in a controlled exposure system. Four experimental groups were established: FA\/FA (control), FA\/NFA (gestational exposure), NFA\/FA (pregestational exposure), and NFA\/NFA (continuous exposure). Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy were used to quantify the expression of GLUT1 and SVCT2 in the placental labyrinth zone. Statistical analyses were performed using Kruskal\u2013Wallis and post hoc Dunn\u2019s test (p &lt; 0.05). Gestational exposure to PM2.5 (FA\/NFA) significantly reduced GLUT1 and SVCT2 expression, compromising glucose transport and antioxidant protection in the placenta. Pregestational exposure (NFA\/FA) induced a compensatory increase in SVCT2 expression, suggesting an adaptive response to oxidative stress. Continuous exposure (NFA\/NFA) resulted in GLUT1 redistribution within the syncytiotrophoblast and decreased membrane localization, potentially impairing glucose uptake. PM2.5 exposure disrupts the expression and localization of GLUT1 and SVCT2 in the placenta, with differential effects depending on the timing of exposure. The gestational phase appears to be particularly vulnerable, as reduced GLUT1 and SVCT2 levels may impair fetal nutrition and antioxidant defense. These findings underscore the need for preventive measures to mitigate air pollution-related risks during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14091050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T14:18:49Z","timestamp":1756217929000},"page":"1050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Impact of PM2.5 Emitted by Wood Smoke on the Expression of Glucose Transporter 1 (GLUT1) and Sodium-Dependent Vitamin C Transporter 2 (SVCT2) in the Rat Placenta: A Pregestational and Gestational Exposure Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Francisca","family":"Villarroel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal & Experimental Morphology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2362807, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1050-7636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eder","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9432-6311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikol","family":"Ponce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Morphological Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Surgical and Morphological Studies (CEMyQ), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7762-1417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Nualart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells NeuroCellT, Department of Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIO-BIO, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4070386, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2273-0904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"Salinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal & Experimental Morphology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Valpara\u00edso 2362807, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2024.108610","article-title":"Exposure to fine particulate matter 2.5 from wood combustion smoke causes vascular changes in placenta and reduce fetal size","volume":"127","author":"Villarroel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod. 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