{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T05:17:15Z","timestamp":1791955035907,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although mulberry leaf (Morus alba L., ML) and Siraitia grosvenorii (SG) individually demonstrate anti-diabetic properties, their combined efficacy against type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains unexplored. This study systematically explored the multi-target mechanisms and synergistic potential of the MLSG combination (MLSG) for T2DM intervention. We evaluated the in vitro inhibitory activities of MLSG, ML, and SG on \u03b1-amylase and \u03b1-glucosidase, alongside antioxidant capacity assessments through DPPH\/ABTS radical scavenging, reducing power, and FRAP assays. Bioactive metabolites were identified using non-targeted metabolomics, while core targets and pathways were predicted using network pharmacology and validated through molecular docking. The results reveal MLSG\u2019s significantly enhanced inhibition of \u03b1-amylase (IC50 = 14.06 mg\/mL) and \u03b1-glucosidase (IC50 = 0.02 mg\/mL) compared to individual extracts, exhibiting 1.3\u201315.5-fold higher potency with synergistic effects (combination index &lt; 1). MLSG also showed improved antioxidant capacity, outperforming SG in DPPH\/ABTS+ scavenging and reducing power (p &lt; 0.05), and surpassing ML in ABTS+ scavenging, reducing power, and FRAP values (p &lt; 0.05). Metabolomics identified 26 MLSG-derived metabolites with anti-T2DM potential, and network analysis pinpointed 26 active components primarily targeting STAT3, AKT1, PIK3CA, EGFR, and MAPK1 to regulate T2DM pathways. Molecular docking confirmed strong binding affinities between these components and core targets. Collectively, MLSG exerts potent synergistic anti-T2DM effects through dual-enzyme inhibition, elevated antioxidant activity, and multi-target pathway regulation, providing a solid foundation for developing MLSG as functional food ingredients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14091065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T16:18:15Z","timestamp":1756484295000},"page":"1065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Elucidating Key Components and Mechanisms Underlying the Synergistic Anti-Type 2 Diabetes Effect of Morus alba L. and Siraitia grosvenorii Combination: An Integrated In Vitro Enzymology, Untargeted Metabolomics, and Network Pharmacology Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Fang","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenglan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruihan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luyan","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongjun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"},{"name":"Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"},{"name":"Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aixiang","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"},{"name":"Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"},{"name":"Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9800-2845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China"},{"name":"Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Changsha 410128, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, July 03). IDF Diabetes Atlas Reports & Publications|IDF Atlas. Available online: https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/resources\/idf-diabetes-atlas-reports\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042018820980225","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018820980225","article-title":"Should Metformin Remain the First-Line Therapy for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes?","volume":"12","author":"Baker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2522","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe078099","article-title":"Rosiglitazone and Cardiovascular Risk","volume":"356","author":"Psaty","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2024.114130","article-title":"Natural Products with Potential Hypoglycemic Activity in T2DM: 2019\u20132023","volume":"223","author":"Fei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.11.017","article-title":"Antihyperglycemic Effect of the Traditional Chinese Scutellaria-Coptis Herb Couple and Its Main Components in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"145","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"337","article-title":"Improving Effect of the Composite Granules of Bitter Melon and Mulberry Leaf on Lipid-Glucose Metabolism and Abnormal Intestinal Mucosal Barrier in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Food Ind."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-024-09914-9","article-title":"Clinical Research Progress on \u03b2-Cell Dysfunction in T2DM Development in the Chinese Population","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117307","article-title":"Mulberry Leaf Multi-Components Exert Hypoglycemic Effects through Regulation of the PI-3K\/Akt Insulin Signaling Pathway in Type 2 Diabetic Rats","volume":"319","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2020.1783991","article-title":"Kinetic Analysis of Inhibition of \u03b1-Glucosidase by Leaf Powder from Morus Australis and Its Component Iminosugars","volume":"84","author":"Qiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Z., Gan, T., Huang, Y., Bao, L., Liu, S., Cui, X., Wang, H., Jiao, F., Zhang, M., and Su, C. (2022). Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Mulberry Leaf Flavonoids In Vitro and In Vivo. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147694"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01486H","article-title":"AMPK Activation Is Involved in Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Activities of Mogroside-Rich Extract from Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) Fruits on High-Fat Diet\/Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Cui, K., Liu, J., Hu, J., Yan, K., Xiao, P., Lu, Y., Yang, X., and Liang, X. (2022). Mogroside-Rich Extract From Siraitia Grosvenorii Fruits Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Associated With the Modulation of Gut Microbiota in Mice. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.870394"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-021-01116-4","article-title":"Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Variants for Metabolomics Research","volume":"18","author":"Souza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2021.11.004","article-title":"Network Pharmacology: Curing Causal Mechanisms Instead of Treating Symptoms","volume":"43","author":"Nogales","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C., Chen, E.A., and Zhang, Y. (2022). Protein\u2013Ligand Docking in the Machine-Learning Era. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27144568"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.12890","article-title":"Mechanistic Study on the Inhibition of \u03b1-Amylase and \u03b1-Glucosidase Using the Extract of Ultrasound-Treated Coffee Leaves","volume":"104","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synres.2018.04.001","article-title":"The Combination Index (CI < 1) as the Definition of Synergism and of Synergy Claims","volume":"7","author":"Chou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Synergy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Chen, J., Chen, R., Xiao, L., Wu, X., Hu, L., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Zhu, M., and Liu, Z. (2022). Comparison of the Fungal Community, Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Taste Characteristics of Fu Brick Tea in Different Regions of China. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.900138"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.06.008","article-title":"Enhancement of the Antioxidant Capacity of Chickpeas by Solid State Fermentation with Cordyceps Militaris SN-18","volume":"10","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.10.002","article-title":"A Potent and Selective Small-Molecule Degrader of STAT3 Achieves Complete Tumor Regression In Vivo","volume":"36","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"768","article-title":"Alpelisib: A Novel Therapy for Patients With PIK3CA-Mutated Metastatic Breast Cancer","volume":"11","author":"Wilhoit","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pract. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G387","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00350.2018","article-title":"AKT Activator SC79 Protects Hepatocytes from TNF-\u03b1-Mediated Apoptosis and Alleviates d-Gal\/LPS-Induced Liver Injury","volume":"316","author":"Jing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.118762","article-title":"Effects of Gefitinib Treatment on Cellular Uptake of Extracellular Vesicles in EGFR-Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells","volume":"572","author":"Takenaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-13-0070","article-title":"Discovery of a Novel ERK Inhibitor with Activity in Models of Acquired Resistance to BRAF and MEK Inhibitors","volume":"3","author":"Morris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6938","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jctc.0c00744","article-title":"A GPU-Accelerated Fast Multipole Method for GROMACS: Performance and Accuracy","volume":"16","author":"Kohnke","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem. Theory Comput."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1021\/ci500020m","article-title":"G_mmpbsa\u2014A GROMACS Tool for High-Throughput MM-PBSA Calculations","volume":"54","author":"Kumari","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116306","article-title":"Network Pharmacology, a Promising Approach to Reveal the Pharmacology Mechanism of Chinese Medicine Formula","volume":"309","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2021.503437","article-title":"Mechanisms Underlying the Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes: From Risk Factors to Oxidative Stress, Metabolic Dysfunction, and Hyperglycemia","volume":"874\u2013875","author":"Lima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2023.01.005","article-title":"Efficacy Evaluation, Active Ingredients, and Multitarget Exploration of Herbal Medicine","volume":"34","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.140262","article-title":"The Bioavailability, Absorption, Metabolism, and Regulation of Glucolipid Metabolism Disorders by Quercetin and Its Important Glycosides: A Review","volume":"458","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.130","article-title":"In Vitro and in Vivo Evidence That Quercetin Protects against Diabetes and Its Complications: A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"109","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Wang, Y., Tong, J., Li, J., and Ding, H. (2024). Quercetin Analogs as \u03b1-Glucosidase Inhibitors with Antidiabetic Activity. Food Biosci., 58.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.103713"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-019-0281-6","article-title":"IRS1\/PI3K\/AKT Pathway Signal Involved in the Regulation of Glycolipid Metabolic Abnormalities by Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Leaf Extracts in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes","volume":"15","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.10.047","article-title":"Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Quercetin and Its Derivatives","volume":"40","author":"Lesjak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.780","article-title":"Genistein and Daidzein Prevent Diabetes Onset by Elevating Insulin Level and Altering Hepatic Gluconeogenic and Lipogenic Enzyme Activities in Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) Mice","volume":"24","author":"Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2008.03.011","article-title":"Action of Pelargonidin on Hyperglycemia and Oxidative Damage in Diabetic Rats: Implication for Glycation-Induced Hemoglobin Modification","volume":"82","author":"Roy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6145","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c01404","article-title":"Efficacy and Mechanisms of Oleuropein in Mitigating Diabetes and Diabetes Complications","volume":"69","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2024.209","article-title":"Andrographolide as a Multi-Target Therapeutic Agent in Diabetic Nephropathy: Insights into STAT3\/PI3K\/Akt Pathway Modulation","volume":"33","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"223","article-title":"Antidiabetic Potential of Perillyl Alcohol, a Monoterpene on High-Fat Diet Low-Dose Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes in Experimental Rats","volume":"12","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104559","article-title":"Gentiopicroside Activates the Bile Acid Receptor Gpbar1 (TGR5) to Repress NF-kappaB Pathway and Ameliorate Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"151","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2013-0141","article-title":"Caffeic and Chlorogenic Acids Inhibit Key Enzymes Linked to Type 2 Diabetes (In Vitro): A Comparative Study","volume":"26","author":"Oboh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, F., Wang, J., Takano, H., Xu, Z., Nishiwaki, H., Yonekura, L., Yang, R., and Tamura, H. (2019). Rosmarinic Acid and Its Ester Derivatives for Enhancing Antibacterial, \u03b1-Glucosidase Inhibitory, and Lipid Accumulation Suppression Activities. J. Food Biochem., 43.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12719"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2016.11.023","article-title":"7, 8-Dihydroxycoumarin (Daphnetin) Protects INS-1 Pancreatic \u03b2-Cells against Streptozotocin-Induced Apoptosis","volume":"24","author":"Vinayagam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5392","article-title":"Umbelliferone Improves an Impaired Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in High-Fat Diet\/Streptozotocin-Induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats","volume":"29","author":"Naowaboot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867327666200114112728","article-title":"1-Deoxynojirimycin and Its Derivatives: A Mini Review of the Literature","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2023.03.020","article-title":"Nuciferine Relieves Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus via Enhancing GLUT4 Expression and Translocation","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/0394632016688025","article-title":"Curcumin Regulates Insulin Pathways and Glucose Metabolism in the Brains of APPswe\/PS1dE9 Mice","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnim.2018.05.001","article-title":"Utility of Curcumin for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: Evidence from Preclinical and Clinical Studies","volume":"14","author":"Trujillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Intermed. Metab."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557522666220513150907","article-title":"A Short Review on Glucogallin and Its Pharmacological Activities","volume":"22","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107282","article-title":"Activation and Modulation of the AGEs-RAGE Axis: Implications for Inflammatory Pathologies and Therapeutic Interventions\u2014A Review","volume":"206","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.27173","article-title":"The PI3K\/AKT Pathway in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2012.05.003","article-title":"Novel Links between HIFs, Type 2 Diabetes, and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Girgis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/9\/1065\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:35:29Z","timestamp":1760034929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/9\/1065"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox14091065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox14091065","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]]}}}