{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:39:59Z","timestamp":1791257999739,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TecNM for the project \u201cEfecto del secado sobre el an\u00e1lisis proximal, la actividad antioxidante y antimicrobiana de extractos de Lysiloma divaricata\u201d","award":["20025.24-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20025.24-P"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The palo prieto (Lysiloma divaricata) is a tree with grayish bark and pinnate leaves that is native to Mexico. This tree can reach heights close to 15 m and is a source of phytochemical compounds, including polyphenols. The optimized extraction method is important for preserving phytochemical compounds, particularly gallic acid. In general, solid-liquid extraction methods are the most commonly used methods for obtaining phytochemical compounds from Lysiloma divaricata. Herein, we report the results of a complex experimental design in which different parts of the plant (leaf, stem, and fruit) were used to investigate their antioxidant activities and gallic acid contents. In this design, we included variations in the type of solvent, time, and temperature. This method yields an extract rich in phytochemical components that may exhibit significant antioxidant activity, making it suitable for isolating natural antioxidant compounds. For these compounds, bromatological analysis, quantification of phenolic content, and identification and quantification of phytochemical compounds via UPLC-MS\/MS identified 27 compounds, with gallic epicatechin, catechin, kaemferol-3-glucoside, procyanidin B1, and gallic acid as the major compounds. For the quantification of gallic acid by HPLC, the highest concentration of gallic acid was detected in the water-leaf-40 \u00b0C-90 min fraction. In addition, antioxidant activity via 1,1-diphenyl-1,2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) was studied, and color measurements were performed. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of the fruit samples was evaluated via the DPPH method with an ethanol\/water ratio of 30:70 % v\/v at 60 \u00b0C for 60 min, which resulted in the highest percentage of inhibition. There was no significant difference in the antioxidant activity when ABTS was used between the samples. For the antioxidant activity determined via FRAP, the leaf sample exhibited the most significant activity when ethanol was used as the solvent at 50 \u00b0C for 90 min, with a value of 195,861 \u00b1 44.20 \u00b5M eq Trolox\/g DM. The phenol compounds of Lysiloma divaricata are promising sources of natural antimicrobials and antioxidants for potential applications in food packaging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14091074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T16:39:01Z","timestamp":1756744741000},"page":"1074","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Impact of Extraction Parameters on the Gallic Acid Content and Antioxidant Properties of Palo Prieto (Lysiloma divaricata) Fractions and Their Identification via UPLC-MS\/MS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8804-2986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"G\u00f3mez-Espinoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Bioqu\u00edmica y Ambiental, TecNM en Celaya, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"Gonzalez-Calderon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedras SECIHTI\u2013Instituto de F\u00edsica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de San Luis Potos\u00ed, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78290, San Luis Potos\u00ed, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6354-5222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Delgado-Alvarado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Micro and Nanotechnology Research Center, Universidad Veracruzana, Boca del R\u00edo 94294, Veracruz, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7373-9258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agust\u00edn L.","family":"Herrera-May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Micro and Nanotechnology Research Center, Universidad Veracruzana, Boca del R\u00edo 94294, Veracruz, Mexico"},{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda de la Construcci\u00f3n y el H\u00e1bitat, Universidad Veracruzana, Boca del R\u00edo 94294, Vercaruz, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0968-6745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandro","family":"Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Micro and Nanotechnology Research Center, Universidad Veracruzana, Boca del R\u00edo 94294, Veracruz, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2024-8471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar Leobardo","family":"Aguirre-Mancilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de Mexico\/IT de Roque, Celaya 38110, Guanajuato, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Rivera-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agr\u00edcolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Baj\u00edo, Celaya 38110, Guanajuato, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6997-5397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma. Cristina Irma","family":"P\u00e9rez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Bioqu\u00edmica y Ambiental, TecNM en Celaya, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Secretar\u00eda de Medio Ambiente y Ordenamiento Territorial (2020). Documento T\u00e9cnico Base del Inventario de Especies Vegetales Nativas del Estado de Guanajuato, SMAOT. Available online: https:\/\/smaot.guanajuato.gob.mx\/sitio\/upload\/biodiversidad\/inventario_especies\/Documento_Tecnico_Especies_Vegetales_Nativas.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ruiz, D.\u00c1. (2021). Cat\u00e1logo de \u00c1rboles de la Red de Viveros de Biodiversidad, Diego \u00c1vila Ruiz. 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