{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T16:05:35Z","timestamp":1782489935449,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["114-2314-B-182A-036-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2314-B-182A-036-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["114-2314-B-182A-048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2314-B-182A-048"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["CGMH-NSYSU-114-P01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGMH-NSYSU-114-P01"]}]},{"name":"National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan","award":["114-2314-B-182A-036-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2314-B-182A-036-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan","award":["114-2314-B-182A-048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2314-B-182A-048"]}]},{"name":"National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan","award":["CGMH-NSYSU-114-P01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CGMH-NSYSU-114-P01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular\u2013kidney\u2013metabolic syndrome (CKMS) encompasses interconnected cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic disorders, including obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. Oxidative stress is increasingly recognized as a central driver of this multi-organ dysfunction. Among maternal influences, exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy and lactation consistently predisposes offspring to CKMS-related phenotypes in animal models. While oxidative stress is implicated as a key mediator, its precise role in developmental programming remains unclear, and comparing the differences in its role between overt CKMS and CKM programming is critical. Critical gaps include whether oxidative stress acts uniformly or in an organ- and time-specific manner, which signals initiate long-term redox alterations, and whether these effects are reversible. Furthermore, its interactions with other programming pathways\u2014such as renin\u2013angiotensin system activation, epigenetic dysregulation, gut microbiota imbalance, and altered nutrient sensing\u2014remain insufficiently explored. This review uniquely highlights maternal HFD-induced oxidative stress as a mechanistic axis of CKMS programming and delineates unresolved questions that limit translation. By integrating evidence across organ systems and proposing priorities for multi-organ profiling, refined models, and longitudinal human studies, we outline a forward-looking agenda for the field. Ultimately, clarifying how maternal HFD and oxidative stress shape offspring CKMS risk is essential to inform targeted antioxidant strategies to reduce the intergenerational transmission of CKMS risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14091136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T12:33:32Z","timestamp":1758285212000},"page":"1136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Impact of Maternal High-Fat Diet on Offspring Cardiovascular\u2013Kidney\u2013Metabolic Health: Spotlight on Oxidative Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7470-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Ning","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7896-2424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Kuang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polymeric Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8007-6077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Yao","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3560-7470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guo-Ping","family":"Chang-Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Fen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7059-6407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"You-Lin","family":"Tain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001184","article-title":"Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Health: A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association","volume":"148","author":"Ndumele","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.6892","article-title":"Prevalence of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome Stages in US Adults, 2011\u20132020","volume":"331","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2023.100028","article-title":"Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: Understanding the interconnections and the need for holistic intervention","volume":"1","author":"Jaradat","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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