{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T14:08:47Z","timestamp":1781014127018,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lacmellea edulis, traditionally known as chicle, is a species that has received little attention despite its nutraceutical potential. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics (pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, moisture, ash, and minerals) and the content of bioactive compounds (vitamin C, organic acids, carotenoids, and phenols) of fruits at different stages of ripeness, as well as their antimicrobial (against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans), antiproliferative and antihaemolytic activity. Bioactive compounds were quantified using liquid chromatography, while biological activities were assessed via spectrophotometric assays. The results revealed a high concentration of ascorbic acid in the ripe pulp (3.0 mg\/100 g DW), higher levels of organic acids in the unripe pulp (3947.6 mg\/100 g DW), and a high total phenol content in the ripe peel (10,890.9 mg\/100 g DW). The peel exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (63.3 mmol ET\/100 g DW). Regarding antimicrobial activity, the pulp exhibited the lowest MIC values against E. coli (2.7 mg\/mL) and S. mutans (2.6 mg\/mL), the peel against S. aureus (21.3 mg\/mL) and C. tropicalis (5.3 mg\/mL), and the seeds against C. albicans (20.8 mg\/mL). Additionally, the peel exhibited the greatest antiproliferative efficacy against cervical (HeLa) and hepatoma (HepG2) cancer cells. None of the evaluated extracts showed significant haemolytic effects, confirming their safety. Overall, L. edulis appears to be a promising source of bioactive metabolites with potential applications in functional foods and pharmaceutical products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14101232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T13:41:29Z","timestamp":1760449289000},"page":"1232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Anticancerogenic Activity in Lacmellea edulis H. Karst., at Different Stages of Maturity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4495-3500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Coyago-Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda en Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica Salesiana, Sede Quito, Campus El Gir\u00f3n, Av. 12 de Octubre N2422 y Wilson, Quito 170143, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9037-9306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johana","family":"Z\u00fa\u00f1iga-Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica (CENBIO), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5903-6735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda en Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica Salesiana, Sede Quito, Campus El Gir\u00f3n, Av. 12 de Octubre N2422 y Wilson, Quito 170143, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melany","family":"Alomoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda en Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica Salesiana, Sede Quito, Campus El Gir\u00f3n, Av. 12 de Octubre N2422 y Wilson, Quito 170143, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3534-1357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"V\u00e9lez-Vite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Ingenier\u00eda en Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica Salesiana, Sede Quito, Campus El Gir\u00f3n, Av. 12 de Octubre N2422 y Wilson, Quito 170143, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8129-233X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Barba-Ostria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina, Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud Quito, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito 170901, Ecuador"},{"name":"Instituto de Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), Quito 170901, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5630-6645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebeca","family":"Gonzalez-Pastor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica (CENBIO), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7620-9140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Heredia-Moya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica (CENBIO), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170527, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-120120-054300","article-title":"Biodiversity: Concepts, Patterns, Trends, and Perspectives","volume":"47","author":"Malhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. 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