{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:55:17Z","timestamp":1792788917862,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ENG-2135687"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ENG-2135687"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001589","name":"Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DV-84001801-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DV-84001801-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001589","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R01EY030569"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY030569"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antioxidant properties of inorganic nanoparticles in aqueous media are attracting growing interest due to their high surface reactivity. Materials such as cerium oxide, iron oxide, silver, and gold exhibit distinct radical-scavenging behaviors at the nanoscale, but reliable quantification remains challenging. Conventional assays developed for molecular antioxidants cannot be directly applied because probes such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) require methanol\u2013water mixtures and are unstable in aqueous nanoparticle suspensions, while other assays are affected by nanoparticle-induced absorption or fluorescence changes. Here we demonstrate strategies to correct these interferences by independently measuring nanoparticle optical properties after oxidation and customizing assay conditions to account for the dilute, per-particle concentrations of nanomaterials. Using a high-throughput 96-well format, four adapted assays revealed that silver, ceria, and iron oxide nanoparticles possess substantially higher antioxidant capacities than Trolox, while gold showed negligible activity. This optimized approach enables reproducible comparison of nanoparticle antioxidants and provides a platform for tailoring nanostructures with enhanced radical-scavenging properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14101254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T08:18:54Z","timestamp":1760948334000},"page":"1254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Quantifying the Antioxidant Capacity of Inorganic Nanoparticles: Challenges and Analytical Solutions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3076-8868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingbo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3740-3546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0483-2379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoting","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yidan","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicki L.","family":"Colvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA"},{"name":"School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c09746","article-title":"SNaP-C: Development of a Silver Nanoparticle Antioxidant Assay for the Selective Quantitative Analysis of Vitamin C in Beverages","volume":"10","author":"Lowe","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2007.06.026","article-title":"Electron paramagnetic study on radical scavenging properties of ceria nanoparticles","volume":"442","author":"Babu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. 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