{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T11:58:51Z","timestamp":1793793531367,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["109-2314-B-239-001-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-2314-B-239-001-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["114-2221-E-002-090-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2221-E-002-090-MY3"]}]},{"name":"collaborative project between Taichung Veterans General Hospital and National United University","award":["TCVGH-NUU1118901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TCVGH-NUU1118901"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004737","name":"National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BN-114-PP-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BN-114-PP-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative joint disease characterized by cartilage degradation, synovial inflammation, and subchondral bone remodeling, leading to chronic pain and reduced mobility. In early-stage OA, sustained oxidative stress and inflammation drive chondrocyte dysfunction and extracellular matrix (ECM) loss. Hyaluronic acid (HA), a key component of synovial fluid responsible for lubrication and viscoelasticity, is prone to enzymatic and oxidative degradation under inflammatory conditions, limiting its therapeutic effect. To address this, we developed an HA-based system incorporating the natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecule carvacrol. The potential of this formulation was assessed in interleukin-1b-stimulated chondrocytes, which mimic the inflammatory environment of OA. The carvacrol-added HA combination upregulated antioxidant enzyme expression, attenuated pro-inflammatory signaling, and promoted ECM preservation by up regulating cartilage-specific markers and glycosaminoglycan production. In vivo efficacy was further evaluated in a rat model of monosodium iodoacetate-induced OA. HA-Carvacrol treatment alleviated pain-related behaviors and preserved cartilage structure, as confirmed by behavioral assessments and histological analyses. This dual-function formulation integrates the lubricating benefits of HA with the bioactivity of carvacrol, providing preclinical proof-of-concept evidence for its potential in early-stage OA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14101265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:17:35Z","timestamp":1761056255000},"page":"1265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Preparation and Evaluation of Carvacrol-Added Hyaluronic Acid for Early Osteoarthritis Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yu-Ping","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5602-6101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jhih-Ni","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Tien","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Ying","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Che-Yung","family":"Kuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7230-6258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Chun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Science, National United University, Miaoli 36063, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2994-6671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng-Huei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.05.007","article-title":"The burden of OA-health services and economics","volume":"30","author":"Leifer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. 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