{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:31:56Z","timestamp":1792017116397,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022600","name":"Wan Fang Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["111-wf-phd-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-wf-phd-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022600","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022600","name":"Wan Fang Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["114-wf-eva-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-wf-eva-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022600","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007632","name":"Changhua Christian Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["111-CCH-MST-139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-CCH-MST-139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Taiwan National Science and Technology Council","award":["111-2221-E-038-017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2221-E-038-017"]}]},{"name":"Taiwan National Science and Technology Council","award":["111-2314-B-371-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111-2314-B-371-004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Testicular torsion\u2013detorsion (T\/D) induces ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and spermatogenic impairment. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), a redox cofactor with mitochondrial-protective, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties, was evaluated for its therapeutic potential in a rat T\/D model. Young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 720\u00b0 spermatic cord rotation for 2 h followed by detorsion and were assigned to T\/D or T\/D + PQQ groups, with sham-operated controls run in parallel. PQQ (400 mg\/kg body weight) was administered orally once daily for 4 weeks. T\/D resulted in severe disruption of testicular architecture, disorganization of seminiferous epithelium, reduced sperm count and testis-to-body weight ratio, increased hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1 and malondialdehyde, decreased superoxide dismutase 2, impaired oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and enhanced apoptosis. Notably, PQQ treatment significantly preserved testicular structure, improved sperm counts, reduced oxidative stress, restored OXPHOS, and suppressed apoptosis (all p &lt; 0.05. T\/D + PQQ vs. T\/D). These findings indicate that PQQ protects against T\/D-induced testicular injury. The underlying mechanisms may involve the attenuation of oxidative stress, the preservation of mitochondrial function, and the limitation of apoptosis, supporting its potential as a therapeutic strategy for testicular IRI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14111312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T07:29:42Z","timestamp":1761895782000},"page":"1312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Pyrroloquinoline Quinone Mitigates Testicular Injury and Reduces Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Apoptosis in Rats with Testicular Ischemia\u2013Reperfusion Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Syuan-Hao","family":"Syu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5788-5208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao-Yuan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"},{"name":"Integrative Research Center for Critical Care, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung-Jen","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Jen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Integrative Research Center for Critical Care, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2014.135","article-title":"Mechanisms of testicular torsion and potentialprotective agents","volume":"11","author":"Karaguzel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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