{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:03:19Z","timestamp":1791583399165,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2016-04468"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2016-04468"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Guava fruit is widely consumed in tropical countries and beyond. The phenolic fraction of guava pulp and processing waste (a single fraction containing seeds, skins, and pulp residues) have been reported to carry in vitro biological activities, acting on biomarkers of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity (enzymatic inhibition of \u03b1-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase), atherosclerosis (mitigation of LDL-cholesterol oxidation), and mutagenesis (suppression of DNA strand scission). However, such bioactivities may be compromised by the exposure of guava phenolics to the harsh conditions found along the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. To overcome this limitation, guava phenolic extracts were microencapsulated with maltodextrin through freeze-drying. The effect of crude and microencapsulated extracts on biomarkers of metabolic diseases was compared before and after in vitro simulated GI digestion. Moreover, guava waste extracts were tested for their ability to interfere with the intracellular redox status of Caco-2 and HeLa cells incubated with free radicals. Microencapsulation considerably improved the bioaccessibility of guava phenolics across digestion stages, which reflected on the enhancement of most bioactivities measured, with the exception of pancreatic lipase inhibition (both pulp and waste extracts) and LDL oxidative protection (pulp extract). Meanwhile, microencapsulation accentuated intracellular antioxidant activity in Caco-2 cells induced by guava waste extract whereas a prooxidant effect in HeLa cells was intensified. This highlights the selectivity of the same extract toward different cell lines. Overall, microencapsulation was demonstrated as a promising tool for protecting and even enhancing the nutraceutical power of guava phenolics, reinforcing their relevance in the development of functional foods and nutraceutical products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14111334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T16:09:47Z","timestamp":1762358987000},"page":"1334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Microencapsulation Enhances the Biological Potential, Bioaccessibility, and Intracellular Oxidative Status of Guava Phenolic Extracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Renan","family":"Danielski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarika","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8755-860X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavan Kumar","family":"Kakumani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9912-0330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fereidoon","family":"Shahidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John\u2019s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angulo-L\u00f3pez, J.E., Flores-Gallegos, A.C., Torres-Le\u00f3n, C., Ram\u00edrez-Guzm\u00e1n, K.N., Mart\u00ednez, G.A., and Aguilar, C.N. (2021). Guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruit and valorization of industrialization by-products. Processes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9061075"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danielski, R., and Shahidi, F. (2023). Guava processing waste: Biological activity profile of a natural and sustainable source of phenolic antioxidants. Food Biosci., 56.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2023.103294"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souza, H.A., Parent, S.\u00c9., Rozane, D.E., Amorim, D.A., Modesto, V.C., Natale, W., and Parent, L.E. (2016). Guava waste to sustain guava (Psidium guajava) agroecosystem: Nutrient \u201cbalance\u201d concepts. Front. Plant Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.01252"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muzaffar, K., Sofi, S.A., and Mir, S.A. (2022). Guava wastes and by-products: Chemistry, processing, and utilization. Handbook of Fruit Wastes and By-Products, CRC Press. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003164463"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.142080","article-title":"Effect of simulated gastrointestinal digestion on the phenolic composition and biological activities of guava pulp and processing by-products","volume":"465","author":"Danielski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.31665\/JFB.2018.4162","article-title":"Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of phenolic compounds","volume":"4","author":"Shahidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Bioact."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2021.1963978","article-title":"A critical review on the microencapsulation of bioactive compounds and their application","volume":"39","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.06.007","article-title":"Methodologies for simulation of gastrointestinal digestion of different controlled delivery systems and further uptake of encapsulated bioactive compounds","volume":"114","author":"Estevinho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.7831\/ras.4.56","article-title":"Microencapsulation: A review of applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries","volume":"4","author":"Peanparkdee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2017.02.001","article-title":"The importance of studying cell metabolism when testing the bioactivity of phenolic compounds","volume":"69","author":"Aragones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.05.142","article-title":"Encapsulation of antioxidant phenolic compounds extracted from spent coffee grounds by freeze-drying and spray-drying using different coating materials","volume":"237","author":"Ballesteros","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pashazadeh, H., Zannou, O., Ghellam, M., Koca, I., Galanakis, C.M., and Aldawoud, T.M. (2021). Optimization and encapsulation of phenolic compounds extracted from maize waste by freeze-drying, spray-drying, and microwave-drying using maltodextrin. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10061396"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"AOAC (2005). Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Analytical Chemists International, AOAC International."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.08.066","article-title":"Microencapsulation of grape (Vitis labrusca var. Bordo) skin phenolic extract using gum Arabic, polydextrose, and partially hydrolyzed guar gum as encapsulating agents","volume":"194","author":"Kuck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.1965.16.3.144","article-title":"Colorimetry of Total Phenolics with Phosphomolybdic-Phosphotungstic Acid Reagents","volume":"16","author":"Singleton","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vit."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(02)00423-5","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity of phenolic phytochemicals from various cultivars of plums","volume":"81","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.09.095","article-title":"Microencapsulation by spray drying of bioactive compounds from cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica)","volume":"114","author":"Tapia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007078414639","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of a North American ginseng extract","volume":"203","author":"Kitts","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.10.053","article-title":"May the superfruit red guava and its processing waste be a potential ingredient in functional foods?","volume":"115","author":"Lima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4669","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0400056","article-title":"Estimation of scavenging activity of phenolic compounds using the ABTS\u2022+ assay","volume":"52","author":"Nenadis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1679","article-title":"Scientific methodology: Determination of total antioxidant activity in fruits by scavenging of ABTS+ free radical","volume":"128","author":"Rufino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Embrapa\u2019s Online Tech. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0292","article-title":"The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of \u201cantioxidant power\u201d: The FRAP assay","volume":"239","author":"Benzie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1021\/jf505327b","article-title":"Antioxidant potential of date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seed protein hydrolysates and carnosine in food and biological systems","volume":"63","author":"Ambigaipalan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danielski, R., Kumari, S., Sarkar, S., Berry, M.D., and Shahidi, F. (2024). Polyphenols from unconventional fruit by-products protect human epithelial intestinal cells from oxidative damage. Food Biosci., 62.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.105302"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.10.035","article-title":"Modification of the cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay to study phenolic antioxidants in a Caco-2 cell line","volume":"244","author":"Kellett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2012.08.039","article-title":"Parameter optimization for spray-drying microencapsulation of jaboticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba) peel extracts using simultaneous analysis of responses","volume":"117","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2013.11.001","article-title":"Effect of spray drying on the physicochemical properties and color stability of the powdered pigment obtained from vinification byproducts of the Bordo grape (Vitis labrusca)","volume":"93","author":"Thomazini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Sobel, R. (2014). Overview of microencapsulation process technologies. Microencapsulation in the Food Industry, 2nd ed, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2017.1281721","article-title":"Effect of different dextrose equivalents of maltodextrin on oxidation stability in encapsulated fish oil by spray drying","volume":"81","author":"Adachi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6485","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1902262","article-title":"Advances of plant-based structured food delivery systems on the in vitro digestibility of bioactive compounds","volume":"62","author":"Comunian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14807","article-title":"Microencapsulation of saffron petal phenolic extract: Their characterization, in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, and storage stability","volume":"84","author":"Ahmadian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zymone, K., Benetis, R., Trumbeckas, D., Baseviciene, I., and Trumbeckaite, S. (2022). Different effects of quercetin glycosides and quercetin on kidney mitochondrial function\u2014Uncoupling, cytochrome C reducing and antioxidant activity. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196377"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-021-09773-1","article-title":"A review of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors from plants as potential candidates for the treatment of type-2 diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Dirir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131231","article-title":"Understanding phenolic acids inhibition of \u03b1-amylase and \u03b1-glucosidase and influence of reaction conditions","volume":"372","author":"Aleixandre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, A., Cottrell, J.J., and Dunshea, F.R. (2023). Antioxidant, alpha-glucosidase inhibition activities, in silico molecular docking and pharmacokinetics study of phenolic compounds from native australian fruits and spices. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020254"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2105802","article-title":"Proanthocyanidins at the gastrointestinal tract: Mechanisms involved in their capacity to mitigate obesity-associated metabolic disorders","volume":"64","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-025-01729-1","article-title":"Role of pancreatic lipase inhibition in obesity treatment: Mechanisms and challenges towards current insights and future directions","volume":"49","author":"Subramaniyan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"519","article-title":"In vitro inhibition of pancreatic lipase by polyphenols: A kinetic, Fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular docking study","volume":"55","author":"Rosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106414","article-title":"Polyphenols and atherosclerosis: A critical review of clinical effects on LDL oxidation","volume":"184","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira-Santos, P., Ibarz, R., Fernandes, J.M., Pinheiro, A.C., Botelho, C., Rocha, C.M., Teixeira, J.A., and Mart\u00edn-Belloso, O. (2021). Encapsulated pine bark polyphenolic extract during gastrointestinal digestion: Bioaccessibility, bioactivity and oxidative stress prevention. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10020328"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.JCRT_862_16","article-title":"Oxidative stress and its role in cancer","volume":"17","author":"Jelic","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Zhang, Y., Wan, Y., Zou, Q., Shen, L., Fu, G., and Gong, E.S. (2022). Effect of pretreatments of camellia seeds on the quality, phenolic profile, and antioxidant capacity of camellia oil. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1023711"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.30638\/eemj.2012.241","article-title":"Study of the inhibition effect on the microencapsulated enzyme \u03b2-galactosidase","volume":"11","author":"Estevinho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmutovi\u0107, L., Sezer, A., Bilajac, E., Hromi\u0107-Jahjefendi\u0107, A., Uversky, V.N., and Glamo\u010dlija, U. (2024). Polyphenol stability and bioavailability in cell culture medium: Challenges, limitations and future directions. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 279.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.135232"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/11\/1334\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T05:15:27Z","timestamp":1762492527000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/11\/1334"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox14111334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox14111334","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]]}}}