{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T16:45:53Z","timestamp":1777135553439,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"RSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24-26-20096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24-26-20096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coccomyxa parasitica-like algae pose a growing threat to bivalve aquaculture. In this work, for the first time under controlled conditions, the effect of the green parasitic microalgae of genus Coccomyxa sp. in the Sea of Japan on the immune and antioxidant protection of Mytilus galloprovincialis was studied in two ways of infection\u2014through filtration (with feed) and injection (into an adductor). By day 7, mortality in both experimental groups reached 68%. The phagocytic activity of hemocytes significantly decreased in the feed group, which may be due to the masking of the parasite as a food particle. Despite transcriptional activation of catalase and superoxide dismutase genes in hemocytes upon injection, a decrease in enzyme activity and an increase in lipid peroxidation were observed in the gills, indicating local oxidative stress. Catalase activity in the gills was increased when mussels receive cells as food. DNA damage in hemocytes did not reach statistical significance. After injection, there was a significant decrease in the galectin gene expression. The data obtained confirm that Coccomyxa sp. is an active parasite capable of infecting the Mediterranean mussel and modulating the host\u2019s defense systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14121430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T11:19:51Z","timestamp":1764328791000},"page":"1430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Microalgae Parasite Diseases of Mytilus galloprovincialis: Infections, Immunology and Antioxidant Defense"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Daria","family":"Lavrichenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, 299011 Sevastopol, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elina","family":"Chelebieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, 299011 Sevastopol, Russia"},{"name":"Federal State Funded Institution of Science \u00abThe Labor Red Banner Order Nikita Botanical Gardens-National Scientific Center of the RAS\u00bb, 109992 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizaveta","family":"Bogacheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, 299011 Sevastopol, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Vodiasova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, 299011 Sevastopol, Russia"},{"name":"Federal State Funded Institution of Science \u00abThe Labor Red Banner Order Nikita Botanical Gardens-National Scientific Center of the RAS\u00bb, 109992 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Uppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, 299011 Sevastopol, Russia"},{"name":"Federal State Funded Institution of Science \u00abThe Labor Red Banner Order Nikita Botanical Gardens-National Scientific Center of the RAS\u00bb, 109992 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9476-6573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Kladchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, 299011 Sevastopol, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization (2020). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020: Sustainability in Action, Food and Agriculture Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.169892","article-title":"Effects of bivalve aquaculture on plankton and benthic community","volume":"914","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. 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