{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T19:13:16Z","timestamp":1789240396709,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019599","name":"European Partnership on Metrology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["21GRD02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21GRD02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019599","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation from environmental and clinical settings can significantly threaten genomic stability, especially when combined. This ex vivo study investigates the potential combined effects of gamma radiation and ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors by exposing whole blood and isolated PBMCs to 1 Gy of gamma rays, to an absolute dose of approximately 100 J\/m2 of UVB, or to their combination. Combined exposure resulted in significantly elevated \u03b3H2AX foci formation and chromosomal aberrations relative to individual stressors, with the most pronounced effects observed in isolated PBMCs. Notably, lymphocytes from some donors failed to proliferate after UVB or co-exposure. Based on our results, a predictive biophysical model derived from dicentric yield was developed to estimate the gamma-ray equivalent dose from co-exposure, indicating up to ~9% increase in lifetime cancer risk. Although this proof-of-concept study included only a small number of donors and focused on two endpoints (\u03b3H2AX and dicentric assays), it provides a controlled framework for investigating mechanisms of radiation-induced genomic instability. The results emphasize the importance of accounting for mixed radiation exposures in genotoxic risk assessment and radiation protection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14121451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T12:39:43Z","timestamp":1764679183000},"page":"1451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Synergistic Genotoxic Effects of Gamma Rays and UVB Radiation on Human Blood"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7614-9499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angeliki","family":"Gkikoudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Health Physics, Radiobiology & Cytogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research \u201cDemokritos\u201d, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasia","family":"Adamopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7250-0906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Despoina","family":"Diamadaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Matsades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Tzakakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sotiria","family":"Triantopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Physics, Radiobiology & Cytogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research \u201cDemokritos\u201d, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0596-2945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyridon N.","family":"Vasilopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9706-1883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gina","family":"Manda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiobiology Laboratory, \u201cVictor Babe\u0219\u201d National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6213-5072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia I.","family":"Terzoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Physics, Radiobiology & Cytogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research \u201cDemokritos\u201d, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5971-0010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandros G.","family":"Georgakilas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volatier, T., Schumacher, B., Meshko, B., Hadrian, K., Cursiefen, C., and Notara, M. 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