{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T06:57:16Z","timestamp":1764831436321,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lactarius deliciosus is a widely distributed edible mushroom valued as a functional food due to its rich content of nutrients, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids, which contribute to its strong antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The present study aimed to optimize a green microwave-assisted extraction method for maximal recovery of bioactive phenolic compounds from Lactarius deliciosus extract (LDE) and to evaluate its antioxidant, antiproliferative, antimetastatic, and anti-inflammatory effects on human colon carcinoma (Caco-2) cells. The study demonstrated that solvent polarity and composition critically influence the recovery of antioxidant biomolecules, identifying water and NaDES 1 (glycerol\/glycine\/water) as the most efficient and sustainable solvents for microwave-assisted extraction at 225 \u00b0C. The LDE showed high levels of phenolic compounds\u2014particularly 4-hydroxybenzoic and vanillic acids\u2014indicating potent antioxidant potential and possible anticancer efficacy. The results revealed that the LDE significantly reduced colony formation and cell adhesion in a dose-dependent manner, leading to nearly complete inhibition of clonogenic survival at the IC50 concentration and a marked increase in cell death among non-adherent colon cancer cells. In addition, LDE inhibited the proliferation of Caco-2 cells by inducing G0\/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, associated with altered mitochondrial potential and increased caspase-3 activity. The LDE modified the redox balance of the cell by decreasing the ROS levels and exerts anti-inflammatory effects through significant downregulation of NOS2 expression, without adversely affecting the intestinal barrier. The study concludes that LDE bioactive compounds show strong promise as anticancer and functional ingredients, demonstrating antioxidant, antiproliferative, antimetastatic, and anti-inflammatory effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14121452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T08:44:28Z","timestamp":1764751468000},"page":"1452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lactarius deliciosus Extract from Green Microwave-Assisted Eutectic Solvent Extraction as a Therapeutic Candidate Against Colon Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5612-5000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Hesamoddin","family":"Bidooki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Health Research Institute of Aragon, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1263-6378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Agroecolox\u00eda e Alimentaci\u00f3n (IAA), University of Vigo (Campus Auga), As Lagoas, 32004 Ourense, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Quero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aragon Health Research Institute, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis Vicente","family":"Herrera-Marcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Legal and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aragon Health Research Institute, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Paesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Campus R\u00edo Ebro-Edificio I+D, C\/Poeta Mariano Esquillor S\/N, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Nanoscience and Materials of Aragon (INMA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC), University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0835-5562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Delgado-Machuca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4239-4971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"F. 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