{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T17:18:09Z","timestamp":1794071889550,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Center, Poland","award":["2023\/49\/N\/NZ5\/00281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/49\/N\/NZ5\/00281"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Male infertility accounts for approximately 50% of reproductive failures, yet its diagnosis and understanding of underlying mechanisms remain limited. The present observational case\u2013control study aimed to examine seminal plasma concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 6-keto-prostaglandin F1\u03b1 (6-keto-PGF1\u03b1), F2-isoprostane, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1), and their ratios, in fertile (n = 22, aged 24\u201345) and infertile (n = 250, aged 21\u201347) men, including analyses across specific infertile subgroups, using ELISA assays. Overall, no significant differences were observed between fertile and infertile men. However, subgroup analyses revealed notable differences: PGE2 levels were elevated in asthenozoospermic compared to normozoospermic infertile men (14.23 \u00b5g\/mL vs. 3.52 \u00b5g\/mL, p = 0.030), 6-keto-PGF1\u03b1 levels were higher in teratozoospermic compared to azoospermic individuals (184.97 ng\/mL vs. 102.49 ng\/mL, p = 0.040), and the PGE2\/6-keto-PGF1\u03b1 ratio showed the greatest intergroup variability. Correlation analyses indicated associations between antioxidant enzymes, prostaglandins and standard semen parameters. These findings provide novel insights into seminal plasma biochemistry and highlight specific parameters and mechanisms that may contribute to functional impairments in infertile men.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14121470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T08:21:43Z","timestamp":1765182103000},"page":"1470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Biomarkers and Mechanisms of Male Infertility: Evaluation of Antioxidant Enzymes and Arachidonic Acid Derivatives in Seminal Plasma from Fertile and Infertile Men"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3079-8186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Rodak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Research and Development Center, INVICTA, Polna Street 64, 81-740 Sopot, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3711-8614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Kokot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5171-4615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Faundez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"InviMed Fertility Clinics, Rakowiecka Street 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Gilowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Salutis Humanae, University of Opole, Katowicka Street 68, 45-060 Opole, Poland"},{"name":"Clinical Center of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology in Opole, Reference Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility, Reymonta Street 8, 45-066 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2948-4574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa Maria","family":"Kratz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021). Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen, World Health Organization. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WHO (2023). Infertility Prevalence Estimates, 1990\u20132021, World Health Organization. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Leslie, S.W., Soon-Sutton, T.L., and Khan, M.A. (2024). Male Infertility. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boitrelle, F., Shah, R., Saleh, R., Henkel, R., Kandil, H., Chung, E., Vogiatzi, P., Zini, A., Arafa, M., and Agarwal, A. (2021). The Sixth Edition of the WHO Manual for Human Semen Analysis: A Critical Review and SWOT Analysis. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11121368"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/20905998.2024.2381972","article-title":"Idiopathic Male Infertility\u2014What Are We Missing?","volume":"23","author":"Boeri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arab J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.122203","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Male Reproductive Health","volume":"16","author":"Aitken","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(96)00313-5","article-title":"Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Male Infertility","volume":"48","author":"Sharma","year":"1996","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanocka, D., and Kurpisz, M. (2004). Reactive Oxygen Species and Sperm Cells. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 2.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-2-12"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-021-00795-w","article-title":"The Role of the Natural Antioxidant Mechanism in Sperm Cells","volume":"29","author":"Kowalczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F67","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-22-0200","article-title":"OXIDATIVE STRESS AND REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION: The Protection of Mammalian Spermatozoa against Oxidative Stress","volume":"164","author":"Scarlata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.2014.32.1.1","article-title":"Effect of Oxidative Stress on Male Reproduction","volume":"32","author":"Agarwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Mens Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodak, K., and Kratz, E.M. (2023). PUFAs and Their Derivatives as Emerging Players in Diagnostics and Treatment of Male Fertility Disorders. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16050723"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22871","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species as Mediators of Sperm Capacitation and Pathological Damage","volume":"84","author":"Aitken","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1993.tb01148.x","article-title":"A Positive Role for the Superoxide Anion in Triggering Hyperactivation and Capacitation of Human Spermatozoa","volume":"16","author":"Lamirande","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"249","article-title":"Seminal Plasma Reduces Exogenous Oxidative Damage to Human Sperm, Determined by the Measurement of DNA Strand Breaks and Lipid Peroxidation","volume":"447","author":"Potts","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cannarella, R., Crafa, A., Barbagallo, F., Mongio\u00ec, L.M., Condorelli, R.A., Aversa, A., Calogero, A.E., and La Vignera, S. (2020). Seminal Plasma Proteomic Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239113"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4157(00)00018-6","article-title":"Dynamics of the Mammalian Sperm Plasma Membrane in the Process of Fertilization","volume":"1469","author":"Flesch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA\u2014Rev. Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/2.3.246","article-title":"Lipids of the Sperm Plasma Membrane: From Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Considered as Markers of Sperm Function to Possible Scavenger Therapy","volume":"2","author":"Lenzi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7038124","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7038124","article-title":"Relevance of Fatty Acids to Sperm Maturation and Quality","volume":"2020","author":"Collodel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2009.07.008","article-title":"Relationship of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids with Semen Characteristics, and Anti-Oxidant Status of Seminal Plasma: A Comparison between Fertile and Infertile Men","volume":"29","author":"Safarinejad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2022.101165","article-title":"Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Fatty Acid-Derived Lipid Mediators: Recent Advances in the Understanding of Their Biosynthesis, Structures, and Functions","volume":"86","author":"Dyall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moustakli, E., Zikopoulos, A., Skentou, C., Stavros, S., Sofikitis, N., Georgiou, I., and Zachariou, A. (2024). Integrative Assessment of Seminal Plasma Biomarkers: A Narrative Review Bridging the Gap between Infertility Research and Clinical Practice. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13113147"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.175781","article-title":"Seminal Biomarkers for the Evaluation of Male Infertility","volume":"18","author":"Bieniek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.08.015","article-title":"Emerging Role of Novel Seminal Plasma Bio-Markers in Male Infertility: A Review","volume":"253","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2014.74","article-title":"Seminal Plasma as a Diagnostic Fluid for Male Reproductive System Disorders","volume":"11","author":"Drabovich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preian\u00f2, M., Correnti, S., Butt, T.A., Viglietto, G., Savino, R., and Terracciano, R. (2023). Mass Spectrometry-Based Untargeted Approaches to Reveal Diagnostic Signatures of Male Infertility in Seminal Plasma: A New Laboratory Perspective for the Clinical Management of Infertility?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054429"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.1080370314","article-title":"Molecular Biology of Human Male Infertility: Links with Aging, Mitochondrial Genetics, and Oxidative Stress?","volume":"37","author":"Cummins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.2.23","article-title":"Seminal Malondialdehyde Concentration but Not Glutathione Peroxidase Activity Is Negatively Correlated with Seminal Concentration and Motility","volume":"2","author":"Hsieh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-014-0215-2","article-title":"Seminal Superoxide Dismutase Activity and Its Relationship with Semen Quality and SOD Gene Polymorphism","volume":"31","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/19396368.2019.1600171","article-title":"Evaluation of the Antioxidative Enzymes in the Seminal Plasma of Infertile Men: Contribution to Classic Semen Quality Analysis","volume":"65","author":"Otasevic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"88","article-title":"Native Specific Activity of Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx-1), Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase (PHGPx) and Glutathione Reductase (GR) Does Not Differ between Normo- and Hypomotile Human Sperm Samples","volume":"27","author":"Tramer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-015-0641-5","article-title":"Study of the Changes of Acrosomal Enzyme, Nitric Oxide Synthase, and Superoxide Dismutase of Infertile Patients with Positive Antisperm Antibody in Seminal Plasma","volume":"73","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(01)01001-9","article-title":"Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity in Human Seminal Plasma","volume":"58","author":"Zini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eleutherio, E.C.A., Silva Magalh\u00e3es, R.S., de Ara\u00fajo Brasil, A., Monteiro Neto, J.R., and de Holanda Paranhos, L. (2021). SOD1, More than Just an Antioxidant. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 697.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2020.108701"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/3.12.1061","article-title":"Superoxide Dismutase Isoenzymes in Human Seminal Plasma and Spermatozoa","volume":"3","author":"Peeker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atig, F., Raffa, M., Ali, H.B., Abdelhamid, K., Saad, A., and Ajina, M. (2011). Altered Antioxidant Status and Increased Lipid Per-Oxidation in Seminal Plasma of Tunisian Infertile Men. Int. J. Biol. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.8.139"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.004","article-title":"The Role of Glutathione Peroxidase-1 in Health and Disease","volume":"188","author":"Handy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60478-6","article-title":"Relationship between Seminal Antioxidant Enzymes and the Phospholipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Spermatozoa","volume":"16","author":"Tavilani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, Y., Zhu, Y., Basang, W., Wang, X., Li, C., and Zhou, X. (2021). Roles of Nitric Oxide in the Regulation of Reproduction: A Review. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.752410"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24494","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.25075","article-title":"Is Male Infertility Associated with Increased Oxidative Stress in Seminal Plasma? A-Meta Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1679\/aohc.58.17","article-title":"Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS-I) in Leydig Cells of the Human Testis","volume":"58","author":"Davidoff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Histol. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/2.11.873","article-title":"Nitric Oxide Synthase and Nitrite Production in Human Spermatozoa: Evidence That Endogenous Nitric Oxide Is Beneficial to Sperm Motility","volume":"2","author":"Lewis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Repod."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.04.033","article-title":"Relationship among Standard Semen Parameters, Glutathione Peroxidase\/Glutathione Reductase Activity, and mRNA Expression and Reduced Glutathione Content in Ejaculated Spermatozoa from Fertile and Infertile Men","volume":"82","author":"Garrido","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodak, K., Grajzer, M., Kokot, I., Faundez, R., Gilowska, I., Prescha, A., and Kratz, E.M. (2025). GC\u2013MS\/MS Analysis of Seminal Plasma PUFAs in Distinct Subgroups of Infertile Men: Diagnostic Potential and Insight into Mechanisms of Male Infertility. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-18044-4"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.10.021","article-title":"Limitations of Semen Analysis as a Test of Male Fertility and Anticipated Needs from Newer Tests","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"73","article-title":"[Peroxidation components of sperm lipid membranes in male infertility]","volume":"72","author":"Fraczek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ginekol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2009.00736.x","article-title":"ORIGINAL ARTICLE: The Role of Cytokine Expression in Different Subgroups of Subfertile Men","volume":"62","author":"Seshadri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)54855-9","article-title":"Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species in Spermatozoa of Infertile Patients*","volume":"57","author":"Iwasaki","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1993.tb01177.x","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species in Semen of Infertile Patients: Levels of Superoxide Dismutase- and Catalase-like Activities in Seminal Plasma and Spermatozoa","volume":"16","author":"Zini","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"377","article-title":"Transcellular Biosynthesis of Eicosanoid Lipid Mediators","volume":"1851","author":"Capra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA\u2014Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"63","article-title":"Sources and Functions of Prostaglandins in the Testis: Evidence for Their Relevance in Male (in)Fertility","volume":"4","author":"Frungieri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0520147","article-title":"Prostaglandin Concentrations in the Semen of Fertile Men","volume":"52","author":"Templeton","year":"1978","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)37687-7","article-title":"The Relation between Fertility and Prostaglandin Content of Seminal Fluid in Man","volume":"21","author":"Bygdeman","year":"1970","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)41349-X","article-title":"Seminal Prostaglandins in Infertile Men","volume":"26","author":"Collier","year":"1975","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)47843-X","article-title":"The Natural Variations in Prostaglandin Concentration in Human Seminal Fluid and Its Relation to Sperm Quality*","volume":"41","author":"Bendvold","year":"1984","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0560195","article-title":"Reduced Prostaglandin Levels in the Semen of Men with Very High Sperm Concentrations","volume":"56","author":"Kelly","year":"1979","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03348209","article-title":"Role of Seminal Prostaglandins in Male Fertility. I. Relationship of Prostaglandin E and 19-OH Prostaglandin E with Seminal Parameters","volume":"3","author":"Isidori","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Invest."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.07.1052","article-title":"Relationship between Seminal Prostaglandins on Intrauterine Insemination Pregnancy Outcomes","volume":"112","author":"Holtel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)48651-6","article-title":"Isolation and Identification of Prostaglandins from Human Seminal Plasma: 18. PROSTAGLANDINS AND RELATED FACTORS","volume":"238","author":"Samuelsson","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1114338","article-title":"Prostaglandins in Human Seminal Fluid: Two Novel Compounds","volume":"187","author":"Jonsson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoxha, M., Barbonetti, A., and Zappacosta, B. (2023). Arachidonic Acid Pathways and Male Fertility: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24098207"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/0161-4630(79)90109-5","article-title":"19-Hydroxy-Prostaglandin E and Infertility in Human Males","volume":"2","author":"Lewy","year":"1979","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amor, H., Dahadhah, F.W., Jankowski, P.M., Al Nasser, R., Jung, L., Juhasz-B\u00f6ss, I., Solomayer, E.F., and Hammadeh, M.E. (2025). Relationship Between Prostaglandin and Interleukin Concentrations in Seminal Fluid and Their Influence on the Rate of Fertilization in Men Undergoing ICSI. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157627"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2007.08.041","article-title":"An Improved LC-MS-MS Method for the Quantification of Prostaglandins E2 and D2 Production in Biological Fluids","volume":"372","author":"Cao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-6980(86)90177-2","article-title":"Seminal Prostaglandins in Men with Subnormal Sperm Motility and Therapeutic Treatment","volume":"31","author":"Schlegel","year":"1986","journal-title":"Prostaglandins"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0272.1999.00289.x","article-title":"Expression of IL-12, IL-10, PGE2, sIL-2R and sIL-6R in Seminal Plasma of Fertile and Infertile Men","volume":"31","author":"Huleihel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Wu, B., Shen, X., Wang, X., Ping, P., Miao, M., Liang, N., Yin, H., Shi, H., and Qian, J. (2023). Relevance of PUFA-Derived Metabolites in Seminal Plasma to Male Infertility. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1138984"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2024.12434","article-title":"Novel Underlying Genetic Markers for Asthenozoospermia Due to Abnormal Spermatogenesis and Reproductive Organ Inflammation","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12074","article-title":"Differential Expression of Novel Biomarkers (TLR-2, TLR-4, COX-2, and Nrf-2) of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Semen of Leukocytospermia Patients","volume":"3","author":"Hagan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"174","article-title":"Involvement of Interleukin-1\u03b2, Cyclooxygenase-2, and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor -1\u03b1 in Idiopathic Asthenozoospermia","volume":"119","author":"Salvolini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1985.tb00816.x","article-title":"On the Origin of Prostaglandins in Human Seminal Fluid","volume":"8","author":"Bendvold","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2014.04.042","article-title":"Non-Enzymatic Lipid Oxidation Products in Biological Systems: Assessment of the Metabolites from Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids","volume":"964","author":"Vigor","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10721","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.22.10721","article-title":"Non-Cyclooxygenase-Derived Prostanoids (F2-Isoprostanes) Are Formed in Situ on Phospholipids","volume":"89","author":"Morrow","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2330rev","article-title":"Isoprostanes: Markers and Mediators of Oxidative Stress","volume":"18","author":"Montuschi","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2014.10.007","article-title":"The Isoprostanes--25 Years Later","volume":"1851","author":"Milne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-002-8469-8","article-title":"Products of the Isoprostane Pathway: Unique Bioactive Compounds and Markers of Lipid Peroxidation","volume":"59","author":"Roberts","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7508014","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7508014","article-title":"Increased F2-Isoprostane Levels in Semen and Immunolocalization of the 8-Iso Prostaglandin F2\u03b1 in Spermatozoa from Infertile Patients with Varicocele","volume":"2018","author":"Collodel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13465","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13465","article-title":"Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 and F2 Isoprostanes Are Involved in Semen Quality and Human Infertility-A Study on Leucocytospermia, Varicocele and Idiopathic Infertility","volume":"52","author":"Collodel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moretti, E., Signorini, C., Ferretti, F., Noto, D., and Collodel, G. (2022). A Study to Validate the Relevance of Semen F2-Isoprostanes on Human Male Infertility. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031642"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2020.106448","article-title":"Relevance of Seminal F2-Dihomo-IsoPs, F2-IsoPs and F4-NeuroPs in Idiopathic Infertility and Varicocele","volume":"149","author":"Longini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2025.156889","article-title":"Are F2-Isoprostanes a Better Marker of Semen Lipid Peroxidation than MDA in Reproductive Pathologies with Inflammatory Basis?","volume":"188","author":"Moretti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2015.48.4.274","article-title":"Antioxidant Enzymes as Redox-Based Biomarkers: A Brief Review","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung, J., Ha, J.W., Park, Y.-B., and Lee, S.-W. (2025). Serum Glutathione Peroxidase-3 Concentration at Diagnosis as a Biomarker for Assessing Disease Activity and Damage of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis at Diagnosis. Front. Mol. Biosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2025.1549454"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holthoff, J.H., Harville, Y., Herzog, C., Juncos, L.A., Karakala, N., and Arthur, J.M. (2023). SOD1 Is a Novel Prognostic Biomarker of Acute Kidney Injury Following Cardiothoracic Surgery. BMC Nephrol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-023-03350-8"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ehad655.3283","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad655.3283","article-title":"GPx-1 Isoenzyme\u2014Biomarker in the Assessment of Lipid Oxidative Risk, Immunogenesis and Arrhythmogenic Potential","volume":"44","author":"Bezna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, J., Paules, C., Nigrini, E., Rosenzweig, J.M., Bahabry, R., Farzin, A., Yang, S., Northington, F.J., Oros, D., and McKenney, S. (2017). Umbilical Cord Blood NOS1 as a Potential Biomarker of Neonatal Encephalopathy. Front. Pediatr., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00112"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kr\u00f3l-Kulikowska, M., Banasik, M., and Kepinska, M. (2024). The Effect of Selected Nitric Oxide Synthase Polymorphisms on the Risk of Developing Diabetic Nephropathy. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13070838"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1089\/bio.2016.0023","article-title":"Effects of Freeze-Thaw and Storage on Enzymatic Activities, Protein Oxidative Damage, and Immunocontent of the Blood, Liver, and Brain of Rats","volume":"15","author":"Bortolin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biopreservation Biobanking"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2005.03.002","article-title":"Effect of Multiple Freeze\u2013Thaw Cycles of Cytoplasm Samples on the Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes","volume":"52","author":"Murias","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-03888-6","article-title":"The Association Between the Levels of Oxidative Stress Indicators (MDA, SOD, and GSH) in Seminal Plasma and the Risk of Idiopathic Oligo-Asthenotera-Tozoospermia: Does Cu or Se Level Alter the Association?","volume":"202","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12061","article-title":"Decreased Activity of Superoxide Dismutase in the Seminal Plasma of Infertile Men Correlates with Increased Sperm Deoxyribonucleic Acid Fragmentation during the First Hours after Sperm Donation","volume":"3","author":"Wdowiak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"123","article-title":"Evaluation of Superoxide Dismutase Activity and Its Impact on Semen Quality Parameters of Infertile Men","volume":"45","author":"Murawski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Folia Histochem. Cytobiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-010-8868-x","article-title":"Zinc and Iron Concentration and SOD Activity in Human Semen and Seminal Plasma","volume":"143","author":"Wasilow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)65307-2","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species Production by the Spermatozoa of Patients with Idiopathic Infertility: Relationship to Seminal Plasma Antioxidants","volume":"157","author":"Alkan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khosrowbeygi, A., and Zarghami, N. (2007). Levels of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Seminal Plasma and Their Relationship with Seminal Parameters. BMC Clin. Pathol., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6890-7-6"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(00)00453-2","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity in the Semen of Fertile and Infertile Men","volume":"55","author":"Zini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"186","article-title":"Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Enzymes in Male Infertility","volume":"48","author":"Dandekar","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03344072","article-title":"Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) Activity in Seminal Plasma of Healthy and Infertile Males","volume":"25","author":"Giannattasio","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Invest."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1159\/000020135","article-title":"Increased Nitric Oxide Production in the Spermatic Vein of Patients with Varicocele","volume":"37","author":"Ozbek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.10029","article-title":"Superoxide Dismutase Activities of Spermatozoa and Seminal Plasma Are Not Correlated with Male Infertility","volume":"16","author":"Hsieh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1997.tb00467.x","article-title":"Severe Antioxidase Deficiency in Human Semen Samples with Pathological Spermiogram Parameters","volume":"29","author":"Miesel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2605.1997.00050.x","article-title":"Effect of Reactive Oxygen Species and the Activity of Antioxidant Systems on Human Semen; Association with Male Infertility","volume":"20","author":"Sanocka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8354747","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8354747","article-title":"The Associations between Infertility and Antioxidants, Proinflammatory Cytokines, and Chemokines","volume":"2018","author":"Kaletka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamilselvan, K., Ravinder, S., Thangavel, G., Subashini, A.S., and Ramaswamy, P. (2015). A Study of Variation in the Levels of Seminal Plasma Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione Peroxidase in Normospermic and Oligozoospermic Men. Int. J. Biomed. Res., 6.","DOI":"10.7439\/ijbr.v6i4.1939"},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"369","article-title":"Activity of Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione Peroxidase in Human Semen in Normozoospermia and Spermatopathy","volume":"57","author":"Kankofer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Univ. Mariae Curie Sklodowska Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.2298\/MPNS1010624Z","article-title":"Activity of Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase and Content of Malondialdehyde in Seminal Plasma of Infertile Patients","volume":"63","author":"Zelen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Pregl."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.06.044","article-title":"Altered Levels of Seminal Nitric Oxide, Nitric Oxide Synthase, and Enzymatic Antioxidants and Their Association with Sperm Function in Infertile Subjects","volume":"95","author":"Ramya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2018.12.003","article-title":"Relationship between Sperm DNA Damage with Sperm Parameters, Oxidative Markers in Teratozoospermic Men","volume":"233","author":"Ammar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.18502\/dmj.v7i2.17678","article-title":"Elevated Seminal Plasma TLR-2 Levels Are Associated with Leukocytospermia","volume":"7","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dubai Med. J."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.01.097","article-title":"Glutathione Peroxidase Activity in Seminal Plasma and Its Relationship to Classical Sperm Parameters and in Vitro Fertilization-Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Outcome","volume":"97","author":"Crisol","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2009.01013.x","article-title":"Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Semen Profile and Enzymatic Anti-Oxidant Capacity of Seminal Plasma in Infertile Men with Idiopathic Oligoasthenoteratospermia: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomised Study","volume":"43","author":"Safarinejad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nartey, M.N.N., Shimizu, H., Sugiyama, H., Higa, M., Syeda, P.K., Nishimura, K., Jisaka, M., and Yokota, K. (2023). Eicosapentaenoic Acid Induces the Inhibition of Adipogenesis by Reducing the Effect of PPAR\u03b3 Activator and Mediating PKA Activation and Increased COX-2 Expression in 3T3-L1 Cells at the Differentiation Stage. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13081704"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326915","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/326915","article-title":"The Role of PPAR-\u03b3 and Its Interaction with COX-2 in Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"2008","author":"Eibl","year":"2008","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2009.01032.x","article-title":"Impact of Body Mass Index on Seminal Oxidative Stress","volume":"43","author":"Tunc","year":"2011","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.13589","article-title":"Obesity-induced Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Negatively Affect Sperm Quality","volume":"13","author":"Jing","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)03294-6","article-title":"Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Levels of Seminal Oxidative Stress in Infertile Men: A Prospective Study","volume":"78","author":"Saleh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ou, Z., Wen, Q., Deng, Y., Yu, Y., Chen, Z., and Sun, L. (2020). Cigarette Smoking Is Associated with High Level of Ferroptosis in Seminal Plasma and Affects Semen Quality. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-020-00615-x"},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"19","article-title":"Smoking and Male Fertility: A Contemporary Review","volume":"2009","author":"Ragheb","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci. Spec. Issues"},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"129","article-title":"Nitric Oxide Levels and Total Antioxidant Capacity in The Seminal Plasma of Infertile Smoking Men","volume":"17","author":"Yousefniapasha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell J. Yakhteh"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.03.024","article-title":"Cigarette Smoking Affects Specific Sperm Oxidative Defenses but Does Not Cause Oxidative DNA Damage in Infertile Men","volume":"94","author":"Viloria","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madej, D., Granda, D., Sicinska, E., and Kaluza, J. (2021). Influence of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption on Antioxidant Status and Semen Quality: A Cross-Sectional Study in Adult Men. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.753843"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouhadana, D., Godin Pag\u00e9, M.-H., Montjean, D., B\u00e9langer, M.-C., Benkhalifa, M., Miron, P., and Petrella, F. (2025). The Role of Antioxidants in Male Fertility: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14081013"},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"271","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Antioxidants on Biochemical Characteristics of Boar Semen","volume":"4","author":"Fraser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/12\/1470\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T05:17:11Z","timestamp":1765343831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/12\/1470"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox14121470"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox14121470","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]}}}