{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:05:38Z","timestamp":1789139138233,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Allium ursinum L. (wild garlic) is a valuable medicinal and culinary plant, rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. This study evaluated the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of A. ursinum populations growing across eleven distinct sites in Lithuania, representing their different habitats. Leaves and flowers were extracted using solvent systems optimized for different compound groups, 70% methanol for phenolics, purified water for sulfur compounds, and methanol for carotenoids, assisted by ultrasonic extraction. Using HPLC-PDA and spectrophotometric assays, major flavonol glycosides, sulfur compounds and carotenoids were quantified in leaves and flowers. Significant variability in compound concentrations was observed between populations and plant organs. Flowers accumulated allicin (622\u20131442 \u03bcg\/g DM) and higher levels of flavonol derivatives (up to 5949 \u03bcg\/g DM), whereas leaves contained more carotenoids (384\u2013656 \u03bcg\/g DM). Antioxidant activity ranged from 473 to 719 \u03bcmol TE\/g DM and showed positive correlation with the total content of identified phenolics in flowers. However, no significant correlation was observed between total phenolics and total antioxidant capacity in leaves. Multivariate analysis revealed clear clustering of populations based on climatic parameters, with higher precipitation and moderate spring temperatures favoring higher phenolic content. These findings suggest that local environmental factors significantly influence phytochemical profiles and antioxidant potential in A. ursinum. The results emphasize the importance of habitat conditions for optimal yield of bioactive compounds and support the development of site-adapted cultivation strategies for high-quality production of A. ursinum raw material.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14121477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T16:53:33Z","timestamp":1765299213000},"page":"1477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Climate-Driven Variability in the Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Allium ursinum L."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0310-1678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolita","family":"Radu\u0161ien\u0117","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Economic Botany, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Street 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5620-5775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birut\u0117","family":"Karpavi\u010dien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Economic Botany, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Street 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Zymone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mindaugas","family":"Marksa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7324-0043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Raudone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Av. 13, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"\u00a0Allium","volume":"Volume 5","author":"Tutin","year":"1980","journal-title":"Flora Europaea"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"54","article-title":"Allium ursinum (Alliaceae) in Finland","volume":"92","author":"Carlsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Memoranda Soc. 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