{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:02:13Z","timestamp":1792000933696,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002848","name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Fondecyt Regular 1231835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fondecyt Regular 1231835"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002848","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The temperate rainforests of southern Chile host a rich diversity of plants traditionally used in medicine, yet their bioactive potential remains underexplored. This study evaluated the chemical composition, antioxidant capacity, antibacterial activity, and cell viability of ethanolic leaf extracts from Cissus striata (CS), Mitraria coccinea (MC), and Raukaua laetevirens (RL), compared with Buddleja globosa (BG), a well-known medicinal shrub. Extracts were obtained using 70% ethanol, ensuring high recovery of polyphenolic compounds while avoiding thermal degradation. The total phenolic content (TPC) was highest in CS, exceeding values reported for green tea, while MC exhibited the greatest total flavonoid content (TFC). HPLC\u2013MS\/MS analysis showed that RL was rich in rutin, while CS exhibited a higher quercetin content. Antioxidant activity assessed through ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays, was correlated with polyphenolic composition. CS showed the highest antioxidant potential, surpassing green tea by ~39%, as determined via FRAP, while MC and RL displayed capacities comparable to BG. Antibacterial activity assays demonstrated that MC inhibited Escherichia coli with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5 mg\/mL, lower than that of ampicillin, whereas CS was highly active against Staphylococcus aureus, with an MIC of 0.39 mg\/mL, equivalent to the activity exhibited by tetracycline. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed that the extracts did not reduce human cell viability, supporting the potential of Chilean native shrubs as safe, natural sources of antioxidants and antimicrobials for food and pharmaceutical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14121488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T17:13:34Z","timestamp":1765473214000},"page":"1488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Southern Chilean Native Plants as Novel Sources of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Extracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronom\u00eda y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 782-0436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yihajara","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Inorg\u00e1nica, Escuela de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 782-0436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3908-2133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Carvajal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Inorg\u00e1nica, Escuela de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 782-0436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5507-3579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Fa\u00fandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela de Qu\u00edmica y Farmacia, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 782-0436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronom\u00eda y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 782-0436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1867-6848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ady","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Inorg\u00e1nica, Escuela de Qu\u00edmica, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 782-0436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Montenegro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronom\u00eda y Sistemas Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 782-0436, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Integrando Ciencia y Tradici\u00f3n: Desaf\u00edos En La Regulaci\u00f3n de Plantas Medicinales En Chile","volume":"65","author":"Montalva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cuad. M\u00e9d. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oyemitan, I.A. (2017). African Medicinal Spices of Genus Piper. Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa: Therapeutic Potential Against Metabolic, Inflammatory, Infectious and Systemic Diseases, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809286-6.00027-3"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). Who Global Report on Traditional and Complementary Medicine 2019, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Ministerio de Salud Chile (2009). MHT Medicamentos Herbarios Tradicionales. 103 Especies Vegetales."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-73576-9_29","article-title":"Regional Biotic Homogenization by Large-Scale Reforestation: Lessons from the Biodiversity Hotspot of Central Chile","volume":"Part. F3989","author":"Braun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Green. Energy Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"e00524","article-title":"Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Medicinal Plant Diversity in Ecuadorian Amazon Home Gardens","volume":"17","author":"McLaren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-018-0680-3","article-title":"Nutraceutical Properties of Herbal Infusions from Six Native Plants of Argentine Patagonia","volume":"73","author":"Gastaldi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-66432018000100001","article-title":"Cat\u00e1logo de Las Plantas Vasculares de Chile","volume":"75","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gayana Bot."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80002","DOI":"10.3897\/BDJ.10.e80002","article-title":"Rizoma: A New Comprehensive Database on Traditional Uses of Chilean Native Plants","volume":"10","author":"Cordero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biodivers. Data J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3390\/ddc3010011","article-title":"Plant-Derived Natural Products: A Source for Drug Discovery and Development","volume":"3","author":"Sezer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drugs Drug Candidates"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrag\u00e1n-Fonseca, K.B., and G\u00f3mez, D. (2025). Review: Ecosystem Service Indicators in Insect Farming-a Novel One Health Perspective. Animal, 101549.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2025.101549"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19146-z","article-title":"Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, and Antibacterial Activities of Clitoria Ternatea Flower Extracts and Anthocyanin-Rich Fraction","volume":"12","author":"Jeyaraj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202201049","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202201049","article-title":"Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Anti-Biofilm and Antioxidant Activity of Azadiracta Indica A. Juss. Flowers","volume":"20","author":"Mohanasundaram","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudrapal, M., Khairnar, S.J., Khan, J., Dukhyil, A.B., Ansari, M.A., Alomary, M.N., Alshabrmi, F.M., Palai, S., Deb, P.K., and Devi, R. (2022). Dietary Polyphenols and Their Role in Oxidative Stress-Induced Human Diseases: Insights Into Protective Effects, Antioxidant Potentials and Mechanism(s) of Action. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.806470"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2010.10.033","article-title":"Stability of the Total Antioxidant Capacity and Total Polyphenol Content of 23 Commercially Available Vegetable Juices before and after in Vitro Digestion Measured by FRAP, DPPH, ABTS and Folin-Ciocalteu Methods","volume":"44","author":"Moran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parham, S., Kharazi, A.Z., Bakhsheshi-Rad, H.R., Nur, H., Ismail, A.F., Sharif, S., Ramakrishna, S., and Berto, F. (2020). Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antiviral Properties of Herbal Materials. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9121309"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2021.1917608","article-title":"In Vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Leaf Extracts of Measa Lanceolata","volume":"24","author":"Fereja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8869624","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8869624","article-title":"Biochemical Composition of Propolis and Its Efficacy in Maintaining Postharvest Storability of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables","volume":"2020","author":"Kahramanoglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Qual."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(99)99017-1","article-title":"Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent","volume":"299","author":"Singleton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) (2014). EUCAST v 4.0. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing EUCAST Disk Diffusion Method, EUCAST."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2020.115104","article-title":"Nitrofuran Drugs beyond Redox Cycling: Evidence of Nitroreduction-Independent Cytotoxicity Mechanism","volume":"401","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2025, December 04). Ministerio del Medio Ambiente de Chile SISTEMA DE INFORMACI\u00d3N Y MONITOREO DE BIODIVERSIDAD (SIMBIO); Regi\u00f3n Los Lagos. Available online: https:\/\/simbio.mma.gob.cl\/DPA\/DetailsRegion?Codigo=10#especies."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.32604\/phyton.2013.82.081","article-title":"Sustainable Management and Use of a Medicinal Emblematic Plant in Chile: Buddleja Globosa Hope","volume":"82","author":"Wilckens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phyton"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ver\u0161i\u0107 Bratin\u010devi\u0107, M., Kova\u010di\u0107, R., Popovi\u0107, M., Radman, S., and Generali\u0107 Mekini\u0107, I. (2023). Comparison of Conventional and Green Extraction Techniques for the Isolation of Phenolic Antioxidants from Sea Fennel. Processes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11072172"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, C.N., Tang, G.Y., Cao, S.Y., Xu, X.Y., Gan, R.Y., Liu, Q., Mao, Q.Q., Shang, A., and Li, H. (2019). Bin Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activities of 30 Tea Infusions from Green, Black, Oolong, White, Yellow and Dark Teas. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8070215"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3240","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82207-2","article-title":"Assessment of Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Properties of Berry Leaves as By-Products with Potential Application in Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products","volume":"11","author":"Ziemlewska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasanth, M.I., Sivamaruthi, B.S., Chaiyasut, C., and Tencomnao, T. (2019). A Review of the Role of Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis) in Antiphotoaging, Stress Resistance, Neuroprotection, and Autophagy. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020474"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H.Y., Liu, Y., Mai, Y.H., Guo, H., He, X.Q., Xia, Y., Li, H., Zhuang, Q.G., and Gan, R.Y. (2021). Phenolic Content, Main Flavonoids, and Antioxidant Capacity of Instant Sweet Tea (Lithocarpus Litseifolius [Hance] Chun) Prepared with Different Raw Materials and Drying Methods. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10081930"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-013-0324-x","article-title":"Polyphenols, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"15","author":"Tangney","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2016.04.025","article-title":"The Pharmacological Potential of Rutin","volume":"25","author":"Ganeshpurkar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2008.02.047","article-title":"Methodological Aspects about in Vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant Properties","volume":"613","author":"Segundo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08024-8","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Quercetin and Its Glucosides from Propolis: A Theoretical Study","volume":"7","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0292","article-title":"The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of \u201cAntioxidant Power\u201d: The FRAP Assay","volume":"239","author":"Benzie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-018-3267-y","article-title":"Preliminary Investigation on Antioxidant Interactions between Bioactive Components of Solanum Anguivi and Capsicum Annuum","volume":"55","author":"Daramola","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otero, C., Klagges, C., Morales, B., Sotomayor, P., Escobar, J., Fuentes, J.A., Moreno, A.A., Llancalahuen, F.M., Arratia-Perez, R., and Gordillo-Fuenzalida, F. (2023). Anti-Inflammatory Chilean Endemic Plants. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15030897"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.11.025","article-title":"Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Buddleja Globosa, Buddlejaceae","volume":"116","author":"Backhouse","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00232-017-9955-0","article-title":"An In Vitro Study of the Antioxidant and Antihemolytic Properties of Buddleja Globosa (Matico)","volume":"250","author":"Suwalsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abouelenein, D., Mustafa, A.M., Nzekoue, F.K., Caprioli, G., Angeloni, S., Tappi, S., Castagnini, J.M., Dalla Rosa, M., and Vittori, S. (2022). The Impact of Plasma Activated Water Treatment on the Phenolic Profile, Vitamins Content, Antioxidant and Enzymatic Activities of Rocket-Salad Leaves. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12010028"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sawicki, T., Jab\u0142o\u0144ska, M., Danielewicz, A., and Przyby\u0142owicz, K.E. (2024). Phenolic Compounds Profile and Antioxidant Capacity of Plant-Based Protein Supplements. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29092101"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiss, A., Papp, V.A., P\u00e1l, A., Prokisch, J., Mirani, S., Toth, B.E., and Alshaal, T. (2025). Comparative Study on Antioxidant Capacity of Diverse Food Matrices: Applicability, Suitability and Inter-Correlation of Multiple Assays to Assess Polyphenol and Antioxidant Status. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14030317"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1021\/jf073035s","article-title":"Comparison of Antioxidant Potency of Commonly Consumed Polyphenol-Rich Beverages in the United States","volume":"56","author":"Seeram","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2015.11.005","article-title":"Methods for in Vitro Evaluating Antimicrobial Activity: A Review","volume":"6","author":"Balouiri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youssef, F.S., Altyar, A.E., Omar, A.M., and Ashour, M.L. (2021). Phytoconstituents, In Vitro Anti-Infective Activity of Buddleja Indica Lam., and In Silico Evaluation of Its SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitory Potential. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.619373"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308980","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/308980","article-title":"Which Approach Is More Effective in the Selection of Plants with Antimicrobial Activity?","volume":"2013","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/s44372-025-00315-z","article-title":"Medicinal Plant Extracts Modulate Antibiotic Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Candida Albicans","volume":"2","author":"Boateng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Plants"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"e02395","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review on Medicinal Plant Extracts as Antibacterial Agents: Factors, Mechanism Insights and Future Prospects","volume":"26","author":"Zouine","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109536","article-title":"Application of Chlorogenic Acid as a Substitute for Antibiotics in Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia Coli-Induced Mastitis","volume":"114","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.202000432","article-title":"Apigenin Promotes Antibacterial Activity via Regulation of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Anion Production","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"241","article-title":"Comprehensive Review of Antimicrobial Activities of Plant Flavonoids","volume":"18","author":"Bartoszewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kauffmann, A.C., and Castro, V.S. (2023). Phenolic Compounds in Bacterial Inactivation: A Perspective from Brazil. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12040645"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28859-8","article-title":"CID12261165, a Flavonoid Compound as Antibacterial Agents against Quinolone-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus","volume":"13","author":"Morimoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.4c00292","article-title":"Plant Flavonoids with Antimicrobial Activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/fft2.44","article-title":"Guidelines for Cell Viability Assays","volume":"1","author":"Kamiloglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Front."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon, S., Sibuyi, N.R.S., Fadaka, A.O., Meyer, S., Josephs, J., Onani, M.O., Meyer, M., and Madiehe, A.M. (2022). Biomedical Applications of Plant Extract-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10112792"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2023.166922","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species in Colorectal Cancer Adjuvant Therapies","volume":"1870","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Basis Dis."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/12\/1488\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T05:11:50Z","timestamp":1765602710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/14\/12\/1488"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox14121488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox14121488","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]}}}