{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T15:37:37Z","timestamp":1784907457869,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of chronic diseases, including obesity and related endocrine disorders, has risen significantly in recent decades. As a result, there has been growing interest in fermented foods with probiotic properties, such as kefir, which have potential health benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of kefir milk (KM) in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity rat model, complemented by in silico molecular docking studies with antioxidant enzymes. Twenty-four adult rats were divided into four groups: control (1 mL\/100 g bw semi-skimmed cow milk), KM (1 mL\/100 g bw kefir milk), HFD (1 mL\/100 g bw semi-skimmed cow milk + high-fat diet), and KM\/HFD (1 mL\/100 g bw kefir milk + high-fat diet). After 60 days of treatment, biochemical assays and histological examinations were performed to assess the effects on lipid profiles and organ health. Kefir milk demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, with increased total phenolic content and enhanced DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP radical scavenging activities compared to commercial milk. Furthermore, KM administration protected against liver metabolic disruptions (ALT, AST, and LDH) induced by the high-fat diet and reduced lipid peroxidation in liver and testis tissues. KM supplementation also increased the activity of key antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Additionally, KM improved the fatty acid composition and decreased the de novo lipogenesis (DNL) index, as well as enzyme activities (SCD and Elovl6) associated with the high-fat diet. Histological analysis of liver, pancreas, and heart tissues revealed that kefir milk attenuated structural damage caused by the high-fat diet, suggesting its protective role in oxidative stress regulation and organ function. These findings underscore the potential of kefir milk as a functional food for preventing metabolic disturbances and liver damage associated with obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14121500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T09:36:39Z","timestamp":1765791399000},"page":"1500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant, and Anti-Hyperlipidemic Effects of Kefir Milk in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity: Insights from Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Profiling, Molecular Docking of Kefiran, and Liver Function Restoration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0504-7145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imen","family":"Hammami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Population Health, Environmental Aggressors and Alternative Therapies (LR24ES10), Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"},{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Histology Embryology and Cell Biology Section, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 15 Street Djebel Lakhdar, La Rabta, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3765-991X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Ben Younes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Population Health, Environmental Aggressors and Alternative Therapies (LR24ES10), Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ridha","family":"Ben Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Population Health, Environmental Aggressors and Alternative Therapies (LR24ES10), Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6207-4641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma","family":"Arrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio-Resources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, University of Jendouba, Beja 9000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8650-0935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afef","family":"Nahdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Population Health, Environmental Aggressors and Alternative Therapies (LR24ES10), Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3062-452X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mich\u00e8le V\u00e9ronique","family":"El May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Population Health, Environmental Aggressors and Alternative Therapies (LR24ES10), Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"},{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Histology Embryology and Cell Biology Section, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 15 Street Djebel Lakhdar, La Rabta, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rym","family":"Baati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Physiology Section, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 15 Street Djebel Lakhdar, La Rabta, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1884-4821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Alberto","family":"L\u00f3pez-Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana 22390, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abada","family":"Mhamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Population Health, Environmental Aggressors and Alternative Therapies (LR24ES10), Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shekar, M., and Popkin, B. 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