{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T20:21:45Z","timestamp":1789676505879,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by acute respiratory insufficiency, including tachypnea, cyanosis refractory to oxygen, decreased lung compliance, and diffuse alveolar infiltrates, which is a condition associated with high morbidity and mortality that usually results in the development of multiple organ dysfunction. Acute lung injury in humans is histopathologically characterized by neutrophilic alveolitis, injury of the alveolar epithelium and endothelium, hyaline membrane formation, and microvascular thrombi. Different animal models of experimental lung injury have been used to investigate mechanisms of lung injury, such as LPS-induced ALI, hyperoxia-induced ALI, and ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Here we will show selected preclinical mice models used as proof of concept to test new drugs in vivo with anti-inflammatory properties, discussing their particularities and clarifying the context of use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15010063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T12:23:44Z","timestamp":1767356624000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Experimental Models of Acute Lung Injury to Study Inflammation and Pathophysiology: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7398-0834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akinori Cardozo","family":"Nagato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biophysics, Morphophysiology and Inflammation, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9333-9112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Alves","family":"Machado-Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences (NUPEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto 35402-136, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1868-9905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel Santos","family":"Valenca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1715-3834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remo Castro","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Mechanics, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0804-5196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank Silva","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences (NUPEB), Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), Ouro Preto 35402-136, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2012.01.007","article-title":"Biomarkers in acute lung injury","volume":"159","author":"Bhargava","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"S353","article-title":"Acute lung injury\u2014From pathophysiology to treatment","volume":"69","author":"Mokra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001598","article-title":"Cell-Cell Interaction Mechanisms in Acute Lung Injury","volume":"55","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.10.010","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms in lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary endothelial barrier dysfunction","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2015-0519-RA","article-title":"Acute Lung Injury: A Clinical and Molecular Review","volume":"140","author":"Butt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2020_538","article-title":"Acute Lung Injury: Disease Modelling and the Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cells","volume":"1298","author":"Lian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L379","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00010.2008","article-title":"Animal models of acute lung injury","volume":"295","author":"Frevert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.2741\/4051","article-title":"Neutrophils in acute lung injury","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. Landmark Ed."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1586\/ers.10.71","article-title":"The value of the lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury model in respiratory medicine","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amarelle, L., Quintela, L., Hurtado, J., and Malacrida, L. (2021). Hyperoxia and Lungs: What We Have Learned From Animal Models. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.606678"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2018.06.29","article-title":"Ventilator-induced lung injury and lung mechanics","volume":"6","author":"Bates","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-10-126","article-title":"Inhibiting toll-like receptor 4 signaling ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis during acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide: An experimental study","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2007.00566.x","article-title":"Toll-like receptor and tumour necrosis factor dependent endotoxin-induced acute lung injury","volume":"88","author":"Togbe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"414","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory drug development: Broad or specific chemokine receptor antagonists?","volume":"13","author":"Russo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Dev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.2014.894886","article-title":"The CXCL8\/IL-8 chemokine family and its receptors in inflammatory diseases","volume":"10","author":"Russo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200603000-00019","article-title":"Protective effects of isoflurane pretreatment in endotoxin-induced lung injury","volume":"104","author":"Reutershan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.270","article-title":"Therapeutic inhibition of CXCR2 by Reparixin attenuates acute lung injury in mice","volume":"155","author":"Zarbock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2007-0364OC","article-title":"Role of the chemokine receptor CXCR2 in bleomycin-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"40","author":"Russo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.12.008","article-title":"Glycosaminoglycans are important mediators of neutrophilic inflammation in vivo","volume":"91","author":"Gschwandtner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boff, D., Russo, R.C., Crijns, H., de Oliveira, V.L.S., Mattos, M.S., Marques, P.E., Menezes, G.B., Vieira, A.T., Teixeira, M.M., and Proost, P. (2022). The Therapeutic Treatment with the GAG-Binding Chemokine Fragment CXCL9(74-103) Attenuates Neutrophilic Inflammation and Lung Dysfunction during Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116246"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1854","article-title":"Regulation of leukocyte recruitment by the long pentraxin PTX3","volume":"11","author":"Deban","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-015-0200-z","article-title":"Effects of an anti-inflammatory VAP-1\/SSAO inhibitor, PXS-4728A, on pulmonary neutrophil migration","volume":"16","author":"Schilter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2010.02.009","article-title":"Variation of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in eight strains of mice","volume":"171","author":"Alm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2009.11.007","article-title":"Varying susceptibility of pulmonary cytokine production to lipopolysaccharide in mice","volume":"49","author":"Alm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667; passim","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4506.667","article-title":"Oxygen poisoning in man","volume":"1","author":"Donald","year":"1947","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0001-5172.2001.00351.x","article-title":"Priestley, the furious free thinker of the enlightenment, and Scheele, the taciturn apothecary of Uppsala","volume":"46","author":"Severinghaus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-1237(01)80133-7","article-title":"Oxygen Toxicity","volume":"57","author":"Chawla","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. J. Armed Forces India"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4507.712","article-title":"Oxygen poisoning in man; signs and symptoms of oxygen poisoning","volume":"1","author":"Donald","year":"1947","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-006-0147-9","article-title":"Genetic basis of murine responses to hyperoxia-induced lung injury","volume":"58","author":"Whitehead","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00232.2006","article-title":"A genetic mouse model to investigate hyperoxic acute lung injury survival","volume":"30","author":"Prows","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.35.12.907","article-title":"Pulmonary function after prolonged mechanical ventilation with high concentrations of oxygen","volume":"35","author":"Gillbe","year":"1980","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-023-00501-x","article-title":"Effect of low-to-moderate hyperoxia on lung injury in preclinical animal models: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Minkove","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med. Exp."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2005-0223OC","article-title":"Hyperoxia-induced reactive oxygen species formation in pulmonary capillary endothelial cells in situ","volume":"34","author":"Brueckl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1590\/S1679-45082013000400011","article-title":"Adequacy of oxygenation parameters in elderly patients undergoing mechanical ventilation","volume":"11","author":"Guedes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Einstein"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005043421806","article-title":"The acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"342","author":"Ware","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"vi1","article-title":"BTS guideline for emergency oxygen use in adult patients","volume":"63","author":"Howard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5573.201","article-title":"Oxygen concentrations in tents and incubators in paediatric practice","volume":"4","author":"Simpson","year":"1967","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7161.798","article-title":"ABC of oxygen. Acute oxygen therapy","volume":"317","author":"Bateman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12970","article-title":"High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in 22 dogs requiring oxygen support escalation","volume":"30","author":"Jagodich","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3109\/01902149409064374","article-title":"Effect of in vivo hyperoxia on the glutathione system in neonatal rat lung","volume":"20","author":"Kennedy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp. Lung Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.66.2.1003","article-title":"Cytokines increase rat lung antioxidant enzymes during exposure to hyperoxia","volume":"66","author":"White","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-13-58","article-title":"Synergistic protection against hyperoxia-induced lung injury by neutrophils blockade and EC-SOD overexpression","volume":"13","author":"Min","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1978.tb07019.x","article-title":"Changes in superoxide dismutase, catalase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities of rabbit alveolar macrophages: Induced by postnatal maturation and\/or in vitro hyperoxia","volume":"28","author":"Nerurkar","year":"1978","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.109763","article-title":"ROS-activated MAPK\/ERK pathway regulates crosstalk between Nrf2 and Hif-1alpha to promote IL-17D expression protecting the intestinal epithelial barrier under hyperoxia","volume":"116","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35479","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.140269","article-title":"eNOS-beta-actin interaction contributes to increased peroxynitrite formation during hyperoxia in pulmonary artery endothelial cells and mouse lungs","volume":"285","author":"Kondrikov","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsotakos, N., Ahmed, I., Umstead, T.M., Imamura, Y., Yau, E., Silveyra, P., and Chroneos, Z.C. (2022). All trans-retinoic acid modulates hyperoxia-induced suppression of NF-kB-dependent Wnt signaling in alveolar A549 epithelial cells. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272769"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L253","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.2000.278.2.L253","article-title":"Hyperoxia synergistically increases TNF-alpha-induced interleukin-8 gene expression in A549 cells","volume":"278","author":"Allen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2015.0080","article-title":"High-Mobility Group Box-1 Protein Disrupts Alveolar Elastogenesis of Hyperoxia-Injured Newborn Lungs","volume":"36","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7603943","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/7603943","article-title":"Artesunate Alleviates Hyperoxia-Induced Lung Injury in Neonatal Mice by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation","volume":"2023","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2000.tb00418.x","article-title":"Nitric oxide and hyperoxia in oxidative lung injury","volume":"89","author":"Turanlahti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401736","article-title":"Human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase increases resistance to hyperoxic cytotoxicity in lung epithelial cells and involvement with altered MAPK activity","volume":"13","author":"Kannan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-023-00961-5","article-title":"Glutamine inhibits inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis and ameliorates hyperoxic lung injury","volume":"79","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"229","article-title":"Temporal expression and significance of caspase-3 and interleukin-8 in the lungs of preterm rats exposed to hyperoxia","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000593","article-title":"Moderate hyperoxia induces inflammation, apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: An in-vitro study","volume":"34","author":"Hafner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.71","article-title":"Hyperoxia promotes polarization of the immune response in ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation, leading to a TH17 cell phenotype","volume":"3","author":"Nagato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezerra, F.S., Lanzetti, M., Nesi, R.T., Nagato, A.C., Silva, C.P.E., Kennedy-Feitosa, E., Melo, A.C., Cattani-Cavalieri, I., Porto, L.C., and Valenca, S.S. (2023). Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Acute and Chronic Lung Injuries. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030548"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.1.9604014","article-title":"Ventilator-induced lung injury: Lessons from experimental studies","volume":"157","author":"Dreyfuss","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-019-0226-5","article-title":"Alveolar dynamics during mechanical ventilation in the healthy and injured lung","volume":"7","author":"Grune","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med. Exp."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30176-3","article-title":"Clinical challenges in mechanical ventilation","volume":"387","author":"Goligher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afab023","article-title":"Recent trends of invasive mechanical ventilation in older adults: A nationwide population-based study","volume":"50","author":"Bouza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.4.1645","article-title":"Invited review: Mechanisms of ventilator-induced lung injury: A perspective","volume":"89","author":"Slutsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(67)90168-7","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress in adults","volume":"2","author":"Ashbaugh","year":"1967","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"556","article-title":"Experimental pulmonary edema due to intermittent positive pressure ventilation with high inflation pressures. Protection by positive end-expiratory pressure","volume":"110","author":"Webb","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196405000-00009","article-title":"Effect of Positive Pressure Ventilation on Surface Tension Properties of Lung Extracts","volume":"25","author":"Greenfield","year":"1964","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"315","article-title":"Effects of intermittent positive-pressure ventilation on lungs of normal rabbits","volume":"61","author":"John","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"312","article-title":"Severe impairment in lung function induced by high peak airway pressure during mechanical ventilation. An experimental study","volume":"135","author":"Kolobow","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/142.2.321","article-title":"Lung edema caused by high peak inspiratory pressures in dogs. Role of increased microvascular filtration pressure and permeability","volume":"142","author":"Parker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.69.3.956","article-title":"Acute lung injury from mechanical ventilation at moderately high airway pressures","volume":"69","author":"Tsuno","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.69.2.577","article-title":"Lung overexpansion increases pulmonary microvascular protein permeability in young lambs","volume":"69","author":"Carlton","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.12085","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms of ventilator-induced lung injury: A time to stop and think?","volume":"68","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005043421801","article-title":"Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"342","author":"Brower","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2015.08.004","article-title":"Mechanisms of ventilator-induced lung injury in healthy lungs","volume":"29","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199902000-00036","article-title":"The alveolar space is the site of intense inflammatory and profibrotic reactions in the early phase of acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Pugin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.1999.0656","article-title":"Production of tumour necrosis factor alpha by primary cultured rat alveolar epithelial cells","volume":"12","author":"McRitchie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"933","article-title":"Mechanotransduction in the lungs","volume":"80","author":"Spieth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0252OC","article-title":"Cyclic stretch-induced oxidative stress increases pulmonary alveolar epithelial permeability","volume":"49","author":"Davidovich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-05-1300","article-title":"Inflammation-promoting activity of HMGB1 on human microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"101","author":"Fiuza","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2010.00138","article-title":"Contribution of neutrophils to acute lung injury","volume":"17","author":"Grommes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.11.016","article-title":"NADPH oxidases in lung biology and pathology: Host defense enzymes, and more","volume":"44","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1586\/ers.10.92","article-title":"Pathogenesis of indirect (secondary) acute lung injury","volume":"5","author":"Perl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1770","article-title":"Redox imbalance and ventilator-induced lung injury","volume":"9","author":"Reddy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001072","article-title":"Applying Positive End-Expiratory Pressure During Mechanical Ventilation Causes Pulmonary Redox Imbalance and Inflammation in Rats","volume":"50","author":"Andrade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7457054","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7457054","article-title":"High-Fat Diet Increases HMGB1 Expression and Promotes Lung Inflammation in Mice Subjected to Mechanical Ventilation","volume":"2018","author":"Chirico","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370220940995","article-title":"Sigh maneuver protects healthy lungs during mechanical ventilation in adult Wistar rats","volume":"245","author":"Castro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5196896","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5196896","article-title":"Different Tidal Volumes May Jeopardize Pulmonary Redox and Inflammatory Status in Healthy Rats Undergoing Mechanical Ventilation","volume":"2021","author":"Candido","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2020.103583","article-title":"The effects of different ventilatory modes in female adult rats submitted to mechanical ventilation","volume":"284","author":"Almeida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.01.027","article-title":"Effects in vitro and in vivo of hesperidin administration in an experimental model of acute lung inflammation","volume":"180","author":"Castro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1980.tb01541.x","article-title":"In vivo lung lavage as an experimental model of the respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Lachmann","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198303000-00013","article-title":"The effects of prophylactic expiratory positive airway pressure on the resolution of oleic acid-induced lung injury in dogs","volume":"197","author":"Luce","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1985.58.1.129","article-title":"High surface tension pulmonary edema induced by detergent aerosol","volume":"58","author":"Nieman","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/137.5.1185","article-title":"Lung volume maintenance prevents lung injury during high frequency oscillatory ventilation in surfactant-deficient rabbits","volume":"137","author":"McCulloch","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/142.2.311","article-title":"Adverse effects of large tidal volume and low PEEP in canine acid aspiration","volume":"142","author":"Corbridge","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01705044","article-title":"Effect of ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure on the development of lung damage in experimental acid aspiration pneumonia in the rabbit","volume":"18","author":"Sohma","year":"1992","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199205000-00015","article-title":"Increased sensitivity to mechanical ventilation after surfactant inactivation in young rabbit lungs","volume":"20","author":"Coker","year":"1992","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.77.3.1355","article-title":"Ventilator pattern influences neutrophil influx and activation in atelectasis-prone rabbit lung","volume":"77","author":"Sugiura","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.151.5.7735616","article-title":"Mechanical ventilation-induced pulmonary edema. Interaction with previous lung alterations","volume":"151","author":"Dreyfuss","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200001000-00029","article-title":"Regional pressure volume curves by electrical impedance tomography in a model of acute lung injury","volume":"28","author":"Kunst","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181962d85","article-title":"Pulmonary lesion induced by low and high positive end-expiratory pressure levels during protective ventilation in experimental acute lung injury","volume":"37","author":"Passaro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202007-2957OC","article-title":"Positive End-Expiratory Pressure, Pleural Pressure, and Regional Compliance during Pronation: An Experimental Study","volume":"203","author":"Katira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004479","article-title":"Lung Injury Is Induced by Abrupt Increase in Respiratory Rate but Prevented by Recruitment Maneuver in Mild Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Rats","volume":"138","author":"Xavier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1208707","article-title":"Ventilator-induced lung injury","volume":"369","author":"Slutsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/1\/63\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T12:35:36Z","timestamp":1767357336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/1\/63"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox15010063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox15010063","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]}}}