{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T20:22:49Z","timestamp":1793823769238,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are crucial contributors to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and dementia exhibiting cognitive decline at the early stage of neurodegeneration. Natural vitamin antioxidants (NVAs) and novel mitochondria-targeted antioxidants (MTAs) are proposed as potential therapeutics though conclusive evidence is lacking. Objectives were to examine in vivo evidence on NVAs and MTAs for preventing and\/or treating cognitive decline leading to dementia, to identify the most promising antioxidants, and highlight translational gaps. Methods followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines. MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus were searched for English language in vivo experiments assessing NVAs or MTAs in AD and dementia. A total of 25 studies (13 NVAs; 12 MTAs) met inclusion criteria. NVAs (Vitamin A, B, C, E) demonstrated mixed efficacy in reducing oxidative stress and improving cognitive outcomes, with Vitamin E showing the most consistent neuroprotective effects. MTAs (MitoQ, MitoTEMPO, SS31, SkQ1) improved mitochondrial dynamics and cognitive performance and reduced dementia-related pathology. Both NVAs and MTAs improved biomarker profiles and cognitive outcomes in vivo animal models of AD and dementia, but MTAs showed more robust and consistent efficacy by directly targeting mitochondrial pathways. Given the favourable safety profiles of MTAs in other clinical conditions, early-phase human trials in dementia and AD are warranted to evaluate their long-term cognitive benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15010078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T12:34:21Z","timestamp":1767789261000},"page":"78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Natural Vitamins and Novel Synthetic Antioxidants Targeting Mitochondria in Cognitive Health: A Scoping Review of In Vivo Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8869-138X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexia","family":"Squillace","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4021-2943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malika G.","family":"Fernando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirstin","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2899-118X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hosen","family":"Kiat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia"},{"name":"College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4828-9363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralph N.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1159\/000536643","article-title":"Potentially modifiable risk factors for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: An umbrella review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Jones","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00038-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990\u20132021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"23","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Australian Government (2024, May 15). Dementia in Australia, Available online: https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/reports\/dementia\/dementia-in-aus\/contents\/summary."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.13806","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of mild cognitive impairment: A clinical review","volume":"312","author":"Langa","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanga, S., Caretto, A., Boido, M., and Vercelli, A. (2020). Mitochondrial Dysfunctions: A Red Thread across Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103719"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fields, M., Marcuzzi, A., Gonelli, A., Celeghini, C., Maximova, N., and Rimondi, E. (2023). Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, an innovative class of antioxidant compounds for neurodegenerative diseases: Perspectives and limitations. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043739"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misrani, A., Tabassum, S., and Yang, L. (2021). Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front. Aging Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.617588"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johri, A. (2021). Disentangling Mitochondria in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111520"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2012.03.010","article-title":"Mitochondrial pharmacology","volume":"33","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X20666220830112408","article-title":"Mitochondrial medicine: A promising therapeutic option against various neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"21","author":"Almikhlafi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bordoni, L., and Gabbianelli, R. (2020). Mitochondrial DNA and Neurodegeneration: Any Role for Dietary Antioxidants?. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080764"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gil Mart\u00ednez, V., Avedillo Salas, A., and Santander Ballest\u00edn, S. (2022). Vitamin supplementation and dementia: A systematic review. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14051033"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2018.02.016","article-title":"Production and characterization of CSSI003 (2961) human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) carrying a novel puntiform mutation in RAI1 gene, Causative of Smith-Magenis syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Altieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10787","article-title":"Chronic Supplementation With a Mitochondrial Antioxidant (MitoQ) Improves Vascular Function in Healthy Older Adults","volume":"71","author":"Rossman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-015-0274-5","article-title":"SkQ1 ophthalmic solution for dry eye treatment: Results of a phase 2 safety and efficacy clinical study in the environment and during challenge in the controlled adverse environment model","volume":"33","author":"Petrov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy201","article-title":"Benfotiamine treatment activates the Nrf2\/ARE pathway and is neuroprotective in a transgenic mouse model of tauopathy","volume":"27","author":"Tapias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anton-Fernandez, A., Cuadros, R., Peinado-Cahuchola, R., Hernandez, F., and Avila, J. (2023). The role of folate receptor alpha in the partial rejuvenation of dentate gyrus cells. Improvement of cognitive function in elderly mice. bioRxiv, 3.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.01.526619"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2024.149095","article-title":"Folic acid and S-adenosylmethionine reverse Homocysteine-induced Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like pathological changes in rat hippocampus by modulating PS1 and PP2A methylation levels","volume":"1841","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215384","article-title":"Methylcobalamin Alleviates Neuronal Apoptosis and Cognitive Decline Induced by PM2.5 Exposure in Mice","volume":"86","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.12.005","article-title":"Nicotinamide riboside restores cognition through an upregulation of proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1alpha regulated beta-secretase 1 degradation and mitochondrial gene expression in Alzheimer\u2019s mouse models","volume":"34","author":"Gong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"106645","article-title":"Nicotinamide riboside modulates the reactive species interactome, bioenergetic status and proteomic landscape in a brain-region-specific manner","volume":"200","author":"Chatre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-019-00754-z","article-title":"Long-Term Pantethine Treatment Counteracts Pathologic Gene Dysregulation and Decreases Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Pathogenesis in a Transgenic Mouse Model","volume":"16","author":"Baranger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6423","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-16-06423.2001","article-title":"Alleviation of a selective age-related relational memory deficit in mice by pharmacologically induced normalization of brain retinoid signaling","volume":"21","author":"Etchamendy","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23843","article-title":"All-trans retinoic acid improved impaired proliferation of neural stem cells and suppressed microglial activation in the hippocampus in an Alzheimer\u2019s mouse model","volume":"95","author":"Takamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.07.022","article-title":"Long-term antioxidant supplementation attenuates oxidative stress markers and cognitive deficits in senescent-accelerated OXYS rats","volume":"27","author":"Kolosova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jnen.0000240468.12543.af","article-title":"Plaque-derived oxidative stress mediates distorted neurite trajectories in the Alzheimer mouse model","volume":"65","author":"Dodwell","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TX00333E","article-title":"PM2.5 induced neurodegenerative-like changes in mice and the antagonistic effects of vitamin E","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15253","article-title":"Suppression of tau-induced phenotypes by vitamin E demonstrates the dissociation of oxidative stress and phosphorylation in mechanisms of tau toxicity","volume":"157","author":"Cowan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15703","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0552-11.2011","article-title":"The mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mitoq prevents loss of spatial memory retention and early neuropathology in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"31","author":"McManus","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.003","article-title":"The mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ extends lifespan and improves healthspan of a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans model of Alzheimer disease","volume":"71","author":"Ng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-03101-0","article-title":"Mito-TEMPO, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, improves cognitive dysfunction due to hypoglycemia: An association with reduced pericyte loss and blood-brain barrier leakage","volume":"60","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-122428","article-title":"Mitochondria-targeted plastoquinone antioxidant SkQ1 prevents amyloid-beta-induced impairment of long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal slices","volume":"36","author":"Kapay","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-131034","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like pathology in senescence-accelerated OXYS rats can be partially retarded with mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1","volume":"38","author":"Stefanova","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101054","article-title":"An antioxidant specifically targeting mitochondria delays progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like pathology","volume":"8","author":"Stefanova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205014666170621111033","article-title":"Antioxidant SkQ1 alleviates signs of Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like pathology in old OXYS rats by reversing mitochondrial deterioration","volume":"14","author":"Kolosova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205013666151218150004","article-title":"SS31, a small molecule antioxidant peptide, attenuates \u03b2-amyloid elevation, mitochondrial\/synaptic deterioration and cognitive deficit in SAMP8 mice","volume":"13","author":"Jia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Alzheimer Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddx052","article-title":"Mitochondria-targeted small molecule SS31: A potential candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Reddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1627-9","article-title":"Elamipretide (SS-31) improves mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic and memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2023.02.076","article-title":"The mitochondria-targeted small molecule SS31 delays progression of behavioral deficits by attenuating \u03b2-amyloid plaque formation and mitochondrial\/synaptic deterioration in APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"658","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-024-00702-2","article-title":"Real-time imaging of mitochondrial redox reveals increased mitochondrial oxidative stress associated with amyloid beta aggregates in vivo in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Kharitonova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23981","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes as treatment targets in Alzheimer\u2019s disease\u2014Systematic review of studies using the APPswePS1dE9 mouse model","volume":"69","author":"Smit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Va\u0161kov\u00e1, J., Stup\u00e1k, M., Vidov\u00e1 Ugurba\u015f, M., \u017didzik, J., and Mi\u010dkov\u00e1, H. (2025). Therapeutic Uses of Retinol and Retinoid-Related Antioxidants. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30102191"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-05-01858.2002","article-title":"The relationship between A\u03b2 and memory in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Westerman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105110","article-title":"Targeting antioxidants to mitochondria by conjugation to lipophilic cations","volume":"47","author":"Murphy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2008.12.008","article-title":"An attempt to prevent senescence: A mitochondrial approach","volume":"1787","author":"Skulachev","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006350924700520","article-title":"Antioxidant Properties of Plant Plastoquinone in Vivo and in Vitro","volume":"69","author":"Vetoshkina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biophysics"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.09.010","article-title":"Power of mitochondrial drug delivery systems to produce innovative nanomedicines","volume":"154","author":"Yamada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.1c00081","article-title":"Optimizing an Antioxidant TEMPO Copolymer for Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging and Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Vivo","volume":"32","author":"DeJulius","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioconjugate Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"62","article-title":"Mitochondria-targeted peptide antioxidants: Novel neuroprotective agents","volume":"8","author":"Szeto","year":"2006","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34682","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M402999200","article-title":"Cell-permeable peptide antioxidants targeted to inner mitochondrial membrane inhibit mitochondrial swelling, oxidative cell death, and reperfusion injury","volume":"279","author":"Zhao","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1986.tb00615.x","article-title":"Increased cerebral glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease may reflect oxidative stress","volume":"46","author":"Martins","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1331.025","article-title":"Vitamin E in neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"1031","author":"Kontush","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varesi, A., Campagnoli, L.I.M., Carrara, A., Pola, I., Floris, E., Ricevuti, G., Chirumbolo, S., and Pascale, A. (2023). Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants against Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12010180"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-014-0324-8","article-title":"Targeting the Prodromal Stage of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Bioenergetic and Mitochondrial Opportunities","volume":"12","author":"Caldwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.2174\/1871523011320240001","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease and antioxidant therapy: How long how far?","volume":"20","author":"Teixeira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-015-0157-y","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Should We Keep Trying Antioxidant Therapies?","volume":"35","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2011.10.006","article-title":"Antioxidant clinical trials in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"1822","author":"Mecocci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.5.794","article-title":"Lymphocyte oxidative DNA damage and plasma antioxidants in Alzheimer disease","volume":"59","author":"Mecocci","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, J.R., and Korolchuk, V.I. (2018). B Vitamins and Ageing. Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Ageing: Part I Biomedical Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-2835-0"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuab057","article-title":"B vitamins and prevention of cognitive decline and incident dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2019.09.002","article-title":"Drug Development for the Therapy of Mitochondrial Diseases","volume":"26","author":"Weissig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"1552","article-title":"SkQ1 as a Tool for Controlling Accelerated Senescence Program: Experiments with OXYS Rats","volume":"87","author":"Kolosova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"ClinicalTrials.gov (2025, May 15). Search Results for \u201cMitochondria-Targeted Antioxidant AND Dementia OR Cognition, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yokoyama, M., Kobayashi, H., Tatsumi, L., and Tomita, T. (2022). Mouse Models of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.912995"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-015-9747-3","article-title":"Amyloid and tau pathology of familial Alzheimer\u2019s disease APP\/PS1 mouse model in a senescence phenotype background (SAMP8)","volume":"37","author":"Porquet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2023.03.005","article-title":"Chapter Five\u2014Changing ROS, NAD and AMP: A path to longevity via mitochondrial therapeutics","volume":"Volume 136","author":"Atayik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1273","article-title":"Mitochondria-targeted plastoquinone derivatives as tools to interrupt execution of the aging program. 1. Cationic plastoquinone derivatives: Synthesis and in vitro studies","volume":"73","author":"Antonenko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochemistry"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/1\/78\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T12:42:07Z","timestamp":1767789727000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/1\/78"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox15010078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox15010078","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]}}}