{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T10:28:23Z","timestamp":1767954503648,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"cong lu","award":["2023YFD2201304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD2201304"]}]},{"name":"bei fan and fengzhong wang","award":["CAAS-ASTIP-2025-IFST"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS-ASTIP-2025-IFST"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic sleep deprivation (CSD) disrupts redox homeostasis and enhances neuroinflammatory activation, contributing to progressive cognitive impairment. Propyl gallate (PG), a lipophilic ester of gallic acid with established antioxidant activity, has not been investigated in the context of prolonged sleep deprivation. The current study examined whether PG alleviates CSD-induced oxidative imbalance, inflammatory activation, and associated behavioral deficits. Male ICR mice were subjected to 14 days of CSD using a rolling-drum apparatus and received oral PG (50, 100, or 200 mg\/kg) or Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE, 40 mg\/kg). Behavioral outcomes were assessed through a battery of tests, including the open-field, novel-object recognition, step-through, and Morris water maze paradigms. Oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers were assessed in serum and hippocampus, and Western blotting quantified the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2\u2013related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), nuclear factor-\u03baB (NF-\u03baB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2). PG improved CSD-induced impairments in exploration, recognition memory, and spatial learning; restored antioxidant capacity; reduced lipid peroxidation; enhanced Nrf2-associated antioxidant signaling; and suppressed NF-\u03baB-mediated inflammatory activation. These findings indicate that PG alleviates cognitive deficits induced by CSD through the modulation of redox homeostasis and neuroinflammatory responses, supporting its potential as an antioxidant derivative under chronic sleep-deprivation conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15010079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T14:02:51Z","timestamp":1767794571000},"page":"79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Propyl Gallate Attenuates Cognitive Deficits Induced by Chronic Sleep Deprivation Through Nrf2 Activation and NF-\u03baB Inhibition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiangfei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liya","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3569-7093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bei","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fengzhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Institute of Food and Nutrition Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2201795119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2201795119","article-title":"The functions of sleep: A cognitive neuroscience perspective","volume":"119","author":"Simon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. 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