{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T06:10:13Z","timestamp":1791699013126,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["NSTC 112-2320-B-A49-028-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 112-2320-B-A49-028-MY3"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005937","name":"Cheng Hsin General Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CY11408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CY11408"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005937","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Far Eastern Memorial Hospital\u2014National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Joint Research Program","award":["114DN13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114DN13"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative stress is a key driver of chronic inflammatory diseases. Anodendron affine is a native Formosan plant species in Taiwan that remains largely underexplored phytochemically and bioactivity. To reveal the bioactive constituents and assess its potential as a source of anti-inflammatory antioxidants, we performed bioactivity-guided fractionation and evaluated the inhibition of superoxide anion (O2\u2022\u2212) generation in formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine-stimulated human neutrophils. Molecular docking simulations were employed to model interactions with Formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) and the Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex, including neutrophil cytosol factor 1 (p47phox) and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), to propose a theoretical mechanism of action. Phytochemical investigation led to the isolation of two new compounds, methyl 4,5-O-diferuloyl-3-methoxyquinate (1) and 16-pregnen-3,12,20-trione (2), together with four known compounds. Notably, 4-hydroxy-3-prenylbenzoic acid (5) exhibited potent inhibitory activity (IC50 = 17.65 \u00b1 0.97 \u03bcM), surpassing the activity of the positive control, ibuprofen (IC50 = 27.85 \u00b1 3.56 \u03bcM). Docking studies suggested that anodendrosin H (4) and 4-hydroxy-3-prenylbenzoic acid (5) exhibit high predicted binding affinity to p47phox and NOX2. Based on these results, compounds 1, 4, and 5 from A. affine were identified as potential lead candidates for the development of novel anti-inflammatory therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15010097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T09:27:12Z","timestamp":1768296432000},"page":"97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Constituents from the Roots of Anodendron affine: Inhibition of the fMLP-Induced Superoxide Anion Generation and Molecular Docking Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shih-Jung","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4282-5636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuen-Sing","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Industry Ph.D. Program, College of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin-Yang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807378, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8662-8816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sin-Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5680-9533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jih-Jung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Industry Ph.D. Program, College of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/00173138909429959","article-title":"Palynological study of the Apocynaceae of Taiwan","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"1989","journal-title":"Grana"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1021\/np800689b","article-title":"Amides and benzenoids from Zanthoxylum ailanthoides with inhibitory activity on superoxide generation and elastase release by neutrophils","volume":"72","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-3458.2005.tb00266.x","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of wogonin: A naturally occurring flavonoid","volume":"11","author":"Tai","year":"2005","journal-title":"CNS Drug Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"244","article-title":"Studies on phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of endemic medicinal plant Anodendron paniculatum","volume":"9","author":"Prasad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.5530\/ajbls.2020.9.49","article-title":"Medicinal plants used by the Manobo tribe of Prosperidad, Agusan del Sur, Philippines: An ethnobotanical survey","volume":"9","author":"Paraguison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Biol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/2110-5820-2-27","article-title":"How tissue injury alarms the immune system and causes a systemic inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Pugin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.194571","article-title":"Inflammation and nutritional science for programs\/policies and interpretation of research evidence (INSPIRE)","volume":"145","author":"Raiten","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abi5200","article-title":"The spectrum of inflammatory responses","volume":"374","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Makhaddin, G.I., and Atakishiyeva, V.N. (2025). Inflammatory heart disease in patients with rheumatological diseases. Inflammatory Cardiac Diseases, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.06.025","article-title":"Inflammation and cancer: Triggers, mechanisms, and consequences","volume":"51","author":"Greten","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manda-Handzlik, A., and Demkow, U. (2015). Neutrophils: The role of oxidative and nitrosative stress in health and disease. Pulmonary Infection, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2015_117"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S75160","article-title":"New insights into the use of currently available non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs","volume":"8","author":"Brune","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Marmon, P.K.A. (2021). Advancing the Mechanistic Understanding of the Toxicological Effects of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Using Integrated in Silico and In Vivo Approaches. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Toronto]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fine, N., Tasevski, N., McCulloch, C.A., Tenenbaum, H.C., and Glogauer, M. (2020). The neutrophil: Constant defender and first responder. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.571085"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.3.1361","article-title":"Chemoattractant cross-desensitization of the human neutrophil IL-8 receptor involves receptor internalization and differential receptor subtype regulation","volume":"158","author":"Sabroe","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2828(90)90957-4","article-title":"Oxygen free radical producing leukocytes cause functional depression of isolated rat hearts: Role of leukotrienes","volume":"22","author":"Semb","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198007033030109","article-title":"Release of inflammatory mediators from stimulated neutrophils","volume":"303","author":"Bleich","year":"1980","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2017.02.004","article-title":"New biphenantherene and nervogenic acid derivatives from Liparis regnieri Finet and their inhibitory activities against NF-\u03baB activation","volume":"73","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-014-1125-7","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory phenolic glycosides from Liparis odorata","volume":"24","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12772","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c05770","article-title":"The advancements and prospects of nervonic acid production","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-835851","article-title":"Cytotoxic xanthones and biphenyls from the root of Garcinia linii","volume":"70","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2024.113998","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory constituents from a sea anemone-derived fungus Arthrinium arundinis MA30","volume":"219","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2006.08.032","article-title":"Anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory activities of catecholic xanthones and flavonoids isolated from Cudrania tricuspidata","volume":"16","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.5b01164","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and antiosteoporosis flavonoids from the rhizomes of Helminthostachys zeylanica","volume":"80","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1021\/np500861u","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory coumarin and benzocoumarin derivatives from Murraya alata","volume":"78","author":"Lv","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.2478\/s11756-019-00242-x","article-title":"Natural product coumarins: Biological and pharmacological perspectives","volume":"74","author":"Hussain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swamy, M.K. (2020). Coumarins: An important phytochemical with therapeutic potential. Plant-Derived Bioactives: Chemistry and Mode of Action, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-2361-8"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7958","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b02838","article-title":"New butyrolactone-type lignans from Arctii Fructus and their anti-inflammatory activities","volume":"63","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"155","article-title":"Biological functions of lignans in plants","volume":"67","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1784840","article-title":"Lignans from linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) and its allied species: Retrospect, introspect and prospect","volume":"61","author":"Chhillar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1021\/np800504w","article-title":"Endiandric acid analogues from the roots of Beilschmiedia erythrophloia","volume":"72","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsieh, Y.-H., Chuang, W.-C., Lee, M.-C., Fan, Y.-H., Huang, N.-K., and Chen, J.-J. (2024). Bioaffinity ultrafiltration combined with HPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS\/MS for screening potential bioactive components from the stems of Dendrobium fimbriatum and in silico analysis. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13080918"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.33.2712","article-title":"Glycosyl nervogenic acid esters of carbohydrates from Anodendron affine (Anodendron. VI)","volume":"33","author":"Abe","year":"1985","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2013.12.001","article-title":"Antibacterial prenylbenzoic acid derivatives from Anodendron formicinum","volume":"92","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1565(199807\/08)9:4<177::AID-PCA404>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Structure assignment of natural quinic acid derivatives using proton nuclear magnetic resonance techniques","volume":"9","author":"Pauli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, Y.-C., Chang, C.-H., Liao, H.-R., Cheng, M.-J., Wu, M.-D., Fu, S.-L., and Chen, J.-J. (2021). Anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities of three new chromone derivatives from the marine-derived Penicillium citrinum. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19080408"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.4c00715","article-title":"Targeting neutrophil-mediated inflammation: Identification of pyrazolidinone carboxamide derivatives as potent selective inhibitors of formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1)-activated neutrophils","volume":"8","author":"Wagdy","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22759","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.561159","article-title":"Molecular insights of p47phox phosphorylation dynamics in the regulation of NADPH oxidase activation and superoxide production","volume":"289","author":"Meijles","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197.e21\u2013197.e32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.06.014","article-title":"Ibuprofen attenuates oxidative damage through NOX2 inhibition in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"33","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03505","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202403505","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of plant-derived phenolic acids as triple COX, LOX, and NOX inhibitors: A computational approach","volume":"22","author":"Rudrapal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/1\/97\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T06:08:05Z","timestamp":1768543685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/1\/97"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox15010097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox15010097","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]}}}