{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T04:16:20Z","timestamp":1775880980089,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"Department of Defense Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs, USAMRDC, Multiple Sclerosis Research Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MS190096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MS190096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Annette Funicello Research Fund for Neurological Diseases, Jacquemin Family Foundation"},{"name":"Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: To investigate associations between lipid oxidation biomarkers (oxylipins), antioxidant micronutrients, lipoprotein particles, and apolipoproteins in multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: Blood and neurological assessments were collected from 30 healthy controls, 68 relapsing remitting MS subjects, and 37 progressive MS subjects. Hydroxy (H) and hydroperoxy lipid peroxidation products of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) arachidonic (20:4, \u03c9-6), linoleic (octadecadienoic acid or ODE, 18:2, \u03c9-6), eicosapentaenoic (20:5, \u03c9-3), and \u03b1-linolenic (18:3, \u03c9-3) acids were measured using liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry. Antioxidant micronutrients, including \u03b2-cryptoxanthin and lutein\/zeaxanthin, were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Lipoprotein and metabolite profiles were obtained using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Regression models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and disease status. Results: The 9-hydroxy octadecadienoic acid to 13-hydroxy octadecadienoic acid ratio (9-HODE\/13-HODE ratio), which reflects autoxidative versus enzymatic oxidation, was associated with MS status (p = 0.002) and disability on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (p = 0.004). Lutein\/zeaxanthin (p = 0.023) and \u03b2-cryptoxanthin (p = 0.028) were negatively associated with the 9-HODE\/13-HODE ratio. Apolipoprotein-CII, a marker of liver-X-receptor (LXR) signaling, was associated with 9-HODE\/13-HODE ratio and other oxylipins. Octadecadienoic fatty acid-derived oxylipins were negatively associated with LC3A, a mitophagy marker, and positively correlated with 7-ketocholesterol, a cholesterol autoxidation product. Conclusions: Autoxidation of PUFAs is associated with greater disability in MS. Higher \u03b2-cryptoxanthin and lutein\/zeaxanthin were associated with reduced auto-oxidation. Lipid peroxidation shows associations with LXR signaling, mitophagy, inflammation, and cholesterol autoxidation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15010102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T11:42:58Z","timestamp":1768304578000},"page":"102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Oxylipin Biomarkers of Auto-Oxidation Are Associated with Antioxidant Micronutrients and Multiple Sclerosis Disability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5803-6222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taylor R.","family":"Wicks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9479-0741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Wolska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diala","family":"Ghazal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0191-0383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Shalaurova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LabCorp Diagnostics, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6732-151X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"Weinstock-Guttman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard W.","family":"Browne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5839-7280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan T.","family":"Remaley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Zivadinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"},{"name":"Center for Biomedical Imaging, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murali","family":"Ramanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"},{"name":"LabCorp Diagnostics, Morrisville, NC 27560, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.26858","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: A Review","volume":"325","author":"McGinley","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01473-3","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"403","author":"Jakimovski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.06.027","article-title":"Lipid peroxidation and neurodegenerative disease","volume":"51","author":"Reed","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8223","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.762609","article-title":"Adductome-based identification of biomarkers for lipid peroxidation","volume":"292","author":"Shibata","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-07244-x","article-title":"Emerging mechanisms of lipid peroxidation in regulated cell death and its physiological implications","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rochette, L., Dogon, G., Rigal, E., Zeller, M., Cottin, Y., and Vergely, C. (2022). Lipid Peroxidation and Iron Metabolism: Two Corner Stones in the Homeostasis Control of Ferroptosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010449"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dyaf065","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaf065","article-title":"The relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation: Evidence from cohort and Mendelian randomization analyses","volume":"54","author":"Crick","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Djuricic, I., and Calder, P.C. (2021). Beneficial Outcomes of Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Human Health: An Update for 2021. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072421"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513509508","article-title":"Fatty fish intake is associated with decreased occurrence of multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Baarnhielm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2013.803104","article-title":"Association of fish consumption and Omega 3 supplementation with quality of life, disability and disease activity in an international cohort of people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"123","author":"Jelinek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2020.1804096","article-title":"Dietary fish intake and the risk of multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"25","author":"Rezaeizadeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e717","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000717","article-title":"Low fish consumption is associated with a small increased risk of MS","volume":"7","author":"Hedstrom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2024-335200","article-title":"Impact of fish consumption on disability progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"96","author":"Johansson","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2019.1659560","article-title":"Effect of omega-3 fatty acids and fish oil supplementation on multiple sclerosis: A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"AlAmmar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13583","article-title":"Western lifestyle and immunopathology of multiple sclerosis","volume":"1417","author":"Matveeva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2018.03.004","article-title":"Omega-6 fatty acids and inflammation","volume":"132","author":"Innes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aristotelous, P., Stefanakis, M., Pantzaris, M., Pattichis, C.S., Calder, P.C., Patrikios, I.S., Sakkas, G.K., and Giannaki, C.D. (2021). The Effects of Specific Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Antioxidant Vitamins on Gait and Functional Capacity Parameters in Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103661"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105920","article-title":"Plasma levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and multiple sclerosis susceptibility in a US case-control study","volume":"92","author":"Dunlop","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2012.283","article-title":"omega-3 fatty acid treatment in multiple sclerosis (OFAMS Study): A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"69","author":"Torkildsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro1009","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their potential therapeutic role in multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Mehta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2005.05.024","article-title":"Low fat dietary intervention with omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"73","author":"Baier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-021-00121-4","article-title":"Treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis with high-dose all-trans retinoic acid\u2014No clear evidence of positive disease modifying effects","volume":"3","author":"Ruschil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200620060-00001","article-title":"Antioxidants in multiple sclerosis: Do they have a role in therapy?","volume":"20","author":"Carlson","year":"2006","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7191080","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7191080","article-title":"Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Multiple Sclerosis: Consequences for Therapy Development","volume":"2020","author":"Pegoretti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.11.010","article-title":"Oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis: Central and peripheral mode of action","volume":"277","author":"Ohl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111401","article-title":"Changes in arachidonic acid (AA)- and linoleic acid (LA)-derived hydroxy metabolites and their interplay with inflammatory biomarkers in response to drastic changes in air pollution exposure","volume":"200","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"269","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of serum retinol, tocopherols, and carotenoids by HPLC","volume":"108","author":"Browne","year":"1998","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.565135","article-title":"Low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein particle subclasses predict coronary events and are favorably changed by gemfibrozil therapy in the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial","volume":"113","author":"Otvos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-307106","article-title":"Apolipoproteins are associated with new MRI lesions and deep grey matter atrophy in clinically isolated syndromes","volume":"85","author":"Browne","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narayanaswamy, R., Iyer, V., Khare, P., Bodziak, M.L., Badgett, D., Zivadinov, R., Weinstock-Guttman, B., Rideout, T.C., Ramanathan, M., and Browne, R.W. (2015). Simultaneous determination of oxysterols, cholesterol and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 in human plasma by LC-UV-MS. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123771"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Kassambara, A. (2026, January 13). rstatix: Pipe-Friendly Framework for Basic Statistical Tests. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/rstatix\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2017.10.025","article-title":"Apolipoprotein C-II: New findings related to genetics, biochemistry, and role in triglyceride metabolism","volume":"267","author":"Wolska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"13","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of polyunsaturated fatty acids and corresponding monohydroperoxy and monohydroxy peroxidation products by HPLC","volume":"186","author":"Browne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/46.6.829","article-title":"HPLC analysis of lipid-derived polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation products in oxidatively modified human plasma","volume":"46","author":"Browne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"347","article-title":"Reduced glutathione and glutathione disulfide","volume":"108","author":"Browne","year":"1998","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.4.348","article-title":"Correlates of markers of oxidative status in the general population","volume":"154","author":"Trevisan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3109\/19390211.2015.1008616","article-title":"Complementary Cholesterol-Lowering Response of a Phytosterol\/alpha-Lipoic Acid Combination in Obese Zucker Rats","volume":"13","author":"Rideout","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e72","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(23)00001-6","article-title":"Multimarkers of metabolic malnutrition and inflammation and their association with mortality risk in cardiac catheterisation patients: A prospective, longitudinal, observational, cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Otvos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"153","article-title":"Oxidative stress and apoptosis","volume":"7","author":"Kannan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pathophysiol. Off. J. Int. Soc. Pathophysiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1994.tb01174.x","article-title":"Low density lipoprotein uptake by macrophages in multiple sclerosis plaques: Implications for pathogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Newcombe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr128","article-title":"Oxidative damage in multiple sclerosis lesions","volume":"134","author":"Haider","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain A J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/38.12.2449","article-title":"Studies of lipid peroxidation products in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in multiple sclerosis and other conditions","volume":"38","author":"Naidoo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458507082075","article-title":"Peripheral blood leukocyte NO production and oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Koch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9648-6","article-title":"Genetic, Immune-Inflammatory, and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers as Predictors for Disability and Disease Progression in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"54","author":"Kallaur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961863","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/961863","article-title":"Oxidative stress is differentially present in multiple sclerosis courses, early evident, and unrelated to treatment","volume":"2014","author":"Gironi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-011-0442-1","article-title":"The level of isoprostanes as a non-invasive marker for in vivo lipid peroxidation in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"36","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.8.1876","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid isoprostane shows oxidative stress in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"53","author":"Greco","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"102","article-title":"Changes in levels of oxidative stress markers and some neuronal enzyme activities in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"37","author":"Bartova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2018.08.003","article-title":"Oxylipins in cerebrospinal fluid in clinically isolated syndrome and relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"138","author":"Hakansson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105946","article-title":"9-HODE associates with thalamic atrophy and predicts white matter damage in multiple sclerosis","volume":"92","author":"Fung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118496","article-title":"Carotenoids as neuroprotective agents in multiple sclerosis: Pathways, mechanisms, and clinical prospects","volume":"191","author":"Nadimi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loken-Amsrud, K.I., Myhr, K.M., Bakke, S.J., Beiske, A.G., Bjerve, K.S., Bjornara, B.T., Hovdal, H., Lilleas, F., Midgard, R., and Pedersen, T. (2013). Alpha-tocopherol and MRI outcomes in multiple sclerosis--association and prediction. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054417"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.1.75","article-title":"Intakes of carotenoids, vitamin C, and vitamin E and MS risk among two large cohorts of women","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.027","article-title":"Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Single-Blind Study of Lutein Supplementation on Carotenoid Status and Cognition in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"153","author":"Martell","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102421","article-title":"Phospholipid peroxidation inhibits autophagy via stimulating the delipidation of oxidized LC3-PE","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2022.100510","article-title":"Transcriptomic changes in autophagy-related genes are inversely correlated with inflammation and are associated with multiple sclerosis lesion pathology","volume":"25","author":"Misrielal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun. Health"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2022.2062111","article-title":"LC3 subfamily in cardiolipin-mediated mitophagy: A comparison of the LC3A, LC3B and LC3C homologs","volume":"18","author":"Iriondo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autophagy"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/1\/102\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T11:52:51Z","timestamp":1768305171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/1\/102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox15010102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox15010102","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]}}}