{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T19:20:45Z","timestamp":1792092045055,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carrots are exceptional sources of bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. This study investigated the relationship between the biodiversity of carrot cultivars (colour and size) and their potential chemopreventive properties. Four distinct carrot cultivars (orange, white, yellow, and purple) of normal and miniature sizes were comprehensively analysed for polyphenolic composition, bio-accessibility through in vitro simulated digestion, and in vitro antiproliferative activity against the HCT-116 colon cancer cell line. Our findings revealed that vegetable size influenced phytochemical composition more than vegetable colour, with mini purple carrots exhibiting exceptionally high polyphenolic concentrations and superior antiproliferative activity compared to orange, yellow, or white varieties. Notably, the bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds remained remarkably low across all samples, suggesting that these phytochemicals reach the colon in intact form, potentially enabling direct interaction with cancer cells. Interestingly, we found no direct correlation between total phenolic content and antiproliferative activity. In vitro cell cycle analysis revealed that mini purple carrot extracts induced S-phase arrest similar to the chemotherapeutic agent 5-FU, whereas other extracts caused G0\/G1-phase arrest. The specific polyphenolic composition appears to be fundamentally important for bioactivity, with chlorogenic acid and diferulic acid-derivative isomer 2 potentially acting synergistically. These findings highlight the importance of carrot biodiversity in delivering functional foods with enhanced health-promoting properties, particularly for colorectal cancer prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15010113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T11:13:21Z","timestamp":1768475601000},"page":"113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Small but Mighty: Low Bio-Accessibility Preserves Polyphenols from Mini Purple Carrots for Direct Action Against Colon Cancer Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9751-6035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amel","family":"Hamdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytochemicals and Food Quality Group, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emel","family":"Hasan Yusuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, The Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego Street, 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0003-4345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Arcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytochemicals and Food Quality Group, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2695-4588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytochemicals and Food Quality Group, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5626-2662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Nowicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, The Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego Street, 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Guill\u00e9n-Bejarano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytochemicals and Food Quality Group, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4468-3192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Jaramillo-Carmona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2021.101174","article-title":"Global colorectal cancer burden in 2020 and projections to 2040","volume":"14","author":"Xi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. 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