{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T22:00:42Z","timestamp":1780524042871,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32373127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32373127"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Special Support Program","award":["2024TQ08A617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024TQ08A617"]}]},{"name":"China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA","award":["CARS-46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-46"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024A1515030165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515030165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022960","name":"Guangdong Provincial Special Fund for Modern Agriculture Industry Technology Innovation Teams","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024CXTD26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CXTD26"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022960","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou","award":["2025A04J5171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A04J5171"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Rural Revitalization Strategy Special Fund","award":["2023-SJS-00-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-SJS-00-001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012428","name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023XT0202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023XT0202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012428","name":"Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023TD37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TD37"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"China-ASEAN Maritime Cooperation Fund","award":["CAMC-2018F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAMC-2018F"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing accumulation of plastic debris in aquatic environments has raised concerns about the ecotoxicological effects of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs). This study examined PSNPs toxicity during a critical developmental stage by exposing 15 days post-fertilization (dpf) larvae of blotched snakehead (Channa maculata), an economically important freshwater fish, to PSNPs concentrations of 0.05\u201320 mg\/L for 15 days. Histopathological analysis showed concentration-dependent damage, including hepatocellular vacuolization (5\u201310 mg\/L) and hepatic sinusoidal dilation (20 mg\/L) in the liver, alongside intestinal injuries ranging from villus erosion to rupture (5\u201320 mg\/L). Biochemically, PSNPs triggered a biphasic oxidative response, where superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities peaked at 5 mg\/L before declining, while malondialdehyde (MDA) levels exhibited an opposite trend. Transcriptomic analysis and Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) indicated that PSNPs disrupted growth, energy metabolism, and immune regulation in C. maculata larvae, evidenced by the dysregulation of growth hormone\/insulin-like growth factor (GH\/IGF) axis genes and up-regulation of immune-related genes. Furthermore, Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) identified the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (HNRNP) gene family as hub genes from the key turquoise module, suggesting that PSNPs interfere with RNA processing and post-transcriptional control. In summary, PSNPs caused multi-level toxicity in C. maculata larvae, providing new insights into their ecotoxicological hazards in freshwater ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15010125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T09:57:02Z","timestamp":1768816622000},"page":"125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Transcriptome and Gene Family Analyses Reveal the Physiological and Immune Regulatory Mechanisms of Channa maculata Larvae in Response to Nanoplastic-Induced Oxidative Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ziwen","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Fishery, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9350-9345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dandan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suqian Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Suqian 223802, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuntao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China"},{"name":"School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China"},{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueying","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China"},{"name":"School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China"},{"name":"School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1574-936X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8301-4595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haiyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuzhan","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fishery Resources Application and Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kunci","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical and 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