{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:25:44Z","timestamp":1787063144151,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ICT R&D program of MSIT\/IITP","award":["RS-2024-00466966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00466966"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) remain an unresolved scientific issue with important societal relevance, particularly in the context of the global deployment of fifth-generation (5G) wireless technologies. The skin is continuously exposed to both RF-EMFs and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, a well-established inducer of oxidative stress and DNA damage, making it a relevant model for assessing combined environmental exposures. In this study, we investigated whether post-exposure to 5G RF-EMFs (3.5 and 28 GHz) modulates ultraviolet A (UVA)-induced genotoxic stress in human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and murine melanoma (B16) cells. Post-UV RF-EMF exposure significantly reduced DNA damage markers, including phosphorylated histone H2AX (\u03b3H2AX) foci formation (by approximately 30\u201350%) and comet tail moments (by 60\u201380%), and suppressed intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation (by 56\u201393%). These effects were accompanied by selective attenuation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation (reduced by 55\u201385%). The magnitude of molecular protection was comparable to that observed with N-acetylcysteine treatment or pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK. In contrast, RF-EMF exposure did not reverse UV-induced reductions in cell viability or alterations in cell cycle distribution, indicating that its protective effects are confined to early molecular stress-response pathways rather than downstream survival outcomes. Together, these findings demonstrate that 5G RF-EMFs can facilitate recovery from UVA-induced molecular damage via redox-sensitive and p38-dependent mechanisms, providing mechanistic insight into the interaction between modern telecommunication frequencies and UV-induced skin stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15010127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T14:58:54Z","timestamp":1768834734000},"page":"127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["5G RF-EMFs Mitigate UV-Induced Genotoxic Stress Through Redox Balance and p38 Pathway Regulation in Skin Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ju Hwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Chungnam,  Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyu Min","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Chungnam,  Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanga","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8059-9700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangbong","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radio and Broadcasting Technology Laboratory, ETRI, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2652-7524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyung-Do","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radio and Broadcasting Technology Laboratory, ETRI, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8306-4912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung Ick","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radio and Broadcasting Technology Laboratory, ETRI, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8109-2055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nam","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1517-7680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung-Min","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3102-2272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hak Rim","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Chungnam,  Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7538-8850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun-Sil","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/35077232","article-title":"Genome maintenance mechanisms for preventing cancer","volume":"411","author":"Hoeijmakers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12368","article-title":"Oxidatively generated damage to cellular DNA by UVB and UVA radiation","volume":"91","author":"Cadet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photochem. 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