{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:49:02Z","timestamp":1790394542313,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Xinjiang Autonomous Region Key Research and Development Project","award":["2022B02029-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B02029-2"]}]},{"name":"Key Scientific and Technological Program in the Priority Areas of the Corps","award":["2021AB014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021AB014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early weaning in intensive lamb production improves reproductive efficiency but predisposes lambs to diarrhea, oxidative stress, and intestinal barrier dysfunction, highlighting the need for non-antibiotic strategies to protect gut health. This study evaluated whether a sheep-derived mixed probiotic could alleviate early weaning\u2013induced intestinal injury and clarified its potential molecular mechanisms. Early weaning reduced body weight, average daily gain and feed efficiency, increased diarrhea, decreased plasma and colonic catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, increased malondialdehyde (MDA), elevated interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), reduced interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-\u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2), increased plasma and mucosal immunoglobulin A, M, and G (IgA, IgM, IgG), and increased colonic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with reduced diamine oxidase (DAO). Intestinally, EW induced villus atrophy, deeper crypts, lower villus height-to-crypt depth ratios, goblet cell loss, higher histopathological scores, and decreased colonic mucin 2, zonula occludens-1, claudin-1, and occludin. Probiotic supplementation partially reversed these alterations, restoring antioxidant enzyme activities, improving villus architecture and barrier protein expression, and rebalancing cytokine and immunoglobulin profiles. Transcriptomic and network analyses showed that early weaning activated Cytokine\u2013cytokine receptor, NF-\u03baB, TNF and Th17 pathways, whereas probiotics suppressed a weaning-responsive inflammatory gene module, downregulated key hub genes, and enhanced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling. These results show that supplementing early-weaned lambs with a mixed probiotic generated from sheep is an efficient nutritional strategy to reduce intestinal oxidative and inflammatory damage associated with weaning and to enhance their health and performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15010132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T14:57:58Z","timestamp":1768921078000},"page":"132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Probiotic Combination of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum M1 and Limosilactobacillus reuteri K4 Alleviates Early Weaning-Induced Intestinal Injury in Lambs via Modulation of Oxidative and Inflammatory Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qicheng","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"},{"name":"Bingtuan Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"},{"name":"Bingtuan Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"},{"name":"Bingtuan Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"},{"name":"Bingtuan Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengshuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"},{"name":"Bingtuan Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junli","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"},{"name":"Bingtuan Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weibin","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"},{"name":"Bingtuan Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5314-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenju","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"},{"name":"Bingtuan Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Non-Grain Feed Resources, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731118002100","article-title":"Short- and Long-Term Effects of Conventional and Artificial Rearing Strategies on the Health and Performance of Growing Lambs","volume":"13","author":"Belanche","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.06.004","article-title":"Sheep-Derived Butyrate-Producing Clostridium Beijerinckii R8 Alleviates Diarrhea by Shaping the Gut Microbiota of Goat Kids","volume":"19","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Niu, L., Wang, Y., Zhan, S., Wang, L., Dai, D., Cao, J., Guo, J., Li, L., and Zhang, H. (2023). Combining 16S rRNA Sequencing and Metabolomics Data to Decipher the Interactions between Gut Microbiota, Host Immunity, and Metabolites in Diarrheic Young Small Ruminants. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411423"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2019.10.004","article-title":"Effect of Different Milk-Removal Strategies at Weaning on Feed Intake and Behavior of Goat Kids","volume":"35","author":"Zobel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Behav."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4444","article-title":"Impact of Weaning and an Antioxidant Blend on Intestinal Barrier Function and Antioxidant Status in Pigs1","volume":"90","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-6986","article-title":"Development of an Antioxidant System after Early Weaning in Piglets2","volume":"92","author":"Yin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6329","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S314940","article-title":"Association of Tumour Microenvironment with Protein Glycooxidation, DNA Damage, and Nitrosative Stress in Colorectal Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Pryczynicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2023.012","article-title":"Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant Enzymes, Genotoxicity and Histopathological Profile in Oreochromis Niloticus Exposed to Lufenuron","volume":"43","author":"Alsaeed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pak. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2012.01315.x","article-title":"Analysis of Weaning-induced Stress in Saanen Goat Kids","volume":"97","author":"Magistrelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, K., Liu, Y., Cheng, Y., Yan, Q., Zhou, C., He, Z., Zeng, J., He, J., and Tan, Z. (2020). Supplementation of Lactobacillus Plantarum or Macleaya Cordata Extract Alleviates Oxidative Damage Induced by Weaning in the Lower Gut of Young Goats. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10040548"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, L., Duarte, M.E., Sevarolli Loftus, A., and Kim, S.W. (2021). Intestinal Health of Pigs upon Weaning: Challenges and Nutritional Intervention. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.628258"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2022.04.004","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites Contribute Negatively to Hindgut Barrier Function Development at the Early Weaning Goat Model","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Wang, W., Liu, T., Zhang, Q., Wang, G., Li, F., Li, F., Yue, X., and Li, T. (2018). Effect of Early Weaning on the Intestinal Microbiota and Expression of Genes Related to Barrier Function in Lambs. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01431"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110770","article-title":"Intestinal Barrier Damage, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, and Acute Lung Injury: A Troublesome Trio for Acute Pancreatitis","volume":"132","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322260","article-title":"Mucus Barrier, Mucins and Gut Microbiota: The Expected Slimy Partners?","volume":"69","author":"Paone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.09.003","article-title":"Metasilicate-Based Alkaline Mineral Water Improves the Growth Performance of Weaned Piglets by Maintaining Gut-Liver Axis Homeostasis through Microbiota-Mediated Secondary Bile Acid Pathway","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, X., Xiong, K., Fang, R., and Li, M. (2022). Weaning Stress and Intestinal Health of Piglets: A Review. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1042778"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2316","article-title":"Epithelial-Cell Recognition of Commensal Bacteria and Maintenance of Immune Homeostasis in the Gut","volume":"8","author":"Artis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, X., Zhang, Y., Xu, T., Qian, M., Yang, Z., Zhan, X., and Han, X. (2021). Early-Life Intervention Using Exogenous Fecal Microbiota Alleviates Gut Injury and Reduce Inflammation Caused by Weaning Stress in Piglets. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.671683"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, K., Wang, B., Zhang, N., Tu, Y., Ma, T., and Diao, Q. (2018). iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Alterations in the Intestine of Hu Sheep under Weaning Stress. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200680"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, P., Mao, J., Zeng, Y., Sun, Z., Deng, H., Chen, C., Sun, W., and Tang, Z. (2022). Isolation, Identification, and Function of Rhodotorula Mucilaginosa TZR2014 and Its Effects on the Growth and Health of Weaned Piglets. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.922136"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, X., Cui, Z., Qin, S., Zhang, R., Wu, Y., Liu, J., and Yang, C. (2022). Effects of Bacillus Licheniformis on Growth Performance, Diarrhea Incidence, Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Function, and Fecal Microflora in Weaned Piglets. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12131609"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.037325","article-title":"Modulation of Human Dendritic Cell Phenotype and Function by Probiotic Bacteria","volume":"53","author":"Hart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G839","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00112.2005","article-title":"Differential Cytokine Response from Dendritic Cells to Commensal and Pathogenic Bacteria in Different Lymphoid Compartments in Humans","volume":"290","author":"McCarthy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2015.0147","article-title":"Lactobacillus Rhamnosus RC007 Intended for Feed Additive: Immune-Stimulatory Properties and Ameliorating Effects on TNBS-Induced Colitis","volume":"7","author":"Dogi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Benefic. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2000.01128.x","article-title":"Saccharomyces Boulardii Stimulates sIgA Production and the Phagocytic System of Gnotobiotic Mice","volume":"89","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Zhao, Y., Fan, D., Zhang, J., Diao, Q., and Cui, K. (2025). Sheep-Derived Lactobacillus Johnsonii M5 Enhances Immunity and Antioxidant Capacity, Alleviates Diarrhea, and Improves Intestinal Health in Early-Weaned Lambs. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13020404"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2022.104875","article-title":"Effects of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Var. Boulardii on Growth, Incidence of Diarrhea, Serum Immunoglobulins, and Rectal Microbiota of Suckling Dairy Calves","volume":"258","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10-1128","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01374-20","article-title":"Dietary Fiber Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Barrier Function Damage in Piglets by Modulation of Intestinal Microbiome","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.08.004","article-title":"Indole-3-Propionic Acid Enhances Growth Performance and Reduces Diarrhea via Modulating Redox Status and Intestinal Inflammation in Weaned Piglets","volume":"19","author":"Ming","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.10.008","article-title":"Bacillus Pumilus 315 Improves Intestinal Microbiota and Barrier Function to Alleviate Diarrhea of Neonatal Goats","volume":"20","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.142849","article-title":"Dietary Supplementation of Yeast Polysaccharides Enhance Lamb Growth Performance by Improving Immune and Intestinal Barrier Function and the Abundance of Cecal Microbiota","volume":"309","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.05.004","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Postweaning Piglets: Understanding the Keys to Health","volume":"25","author":"Gresse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Alessandro, E., Arfuso, F., Floridia, V., Tardiolo, G., Fazio, F., Giannetto, C., Piccione, G., and Zumbo, A. (2022). Different Genotype and a Liquid Whey-Supplemented Diet Influence the Resilience of Pigs through Immune-Modulation and Anti-Inflammatory Response. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1046101"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mhalhel, K., Cavallaro, M., Pansera, L., Ledesma, L.H., Levanti, M., German\u00e0, A., Sutera, A.M., Tardiolo, G., Zumbo, A., and Aragona, M. (2025). Histological Assessment of Intestinal Changes Induced by Liquid Whey-Enriched Diets in Pigs. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12080716"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33291-z","article-title":"Dietary Micro-Fibrillated Cellulose Improves Growth, Reduces Diarrhea, Modulates Gut Microbiota, and Increases Butyrate Production in Post-Weaning Piglets","volume":"13","author":"Uddin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2015.11.007","article-title":"Effects of Weaning Age on Growth, Nutrient Digestibility and Metabolism, and Serum Parameters in Hu Lambs","volume":"1","author":"Chai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2007.03.020","article-title":"Welfare Implications of Artificial Rearing and Early Weaning in Sheep","volume":"110","author":"Napolitano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.11.003","article-title":"Impact of Dietary Supplementation of \u03b2-Hydroxybutyric Acid on Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Organ Development and Serum Stress Indicators in Early-Weaned Goat Kids","volume":"9","author":"Abdelsattar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, H., Wang, H., Jia, H., Liu, Y., Pan, Y., Zhong, X., Huo, J., and Zhan, J. (2025). Early Weaning Impairs the Growth Performance of Hu Lambs through Damaging Intestinal Morphology and Disrupting Serum Metabolite Homeostasis. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15010113"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.06.003","article-title":"Dietary Lysozyme Improves Growth Performance and Intestinal Barrier Function of Weaned Piglets","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, X., Lu, N., Zhao, H., Yuan, H., Xia, D., and Lei, H. (2020). The Microbiome\u2013Metabolome Response in the Colon of Piglets under the Status of Weaning Stress. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.02055"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23488","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02754-6","article-title":"Understanding Host-Microbiota Interactions in the Commercial Piglet around Weaning","volume":"11","author":"Ko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2014.05.014","article-title":"Cytokines and Chemokines: At the Crossroads of Cell Signalling and Inflammatory Disease","volume":"1843","author":"Turner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Han, L., Liu, J., Kang, L., Zhao, L., and Cui, K. (2023). Yeast Peptides Improve the Intestinal Barrier Function and Alleviate Weaning Stress by Changing the Intestinal Microflora Structure of Weaned Lambs. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11102472"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.12.051","article-title":"Supplementation of Vitamin E and Omega-3 Fatty Acids during the Early Posthatch Period on Intestinal Morphology and Gene Expression Differentiation in Broilers","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2018.04.002","article-title":"The Intestinal Epithelium: Central Coordinator of Mucosal Immunity","volume":"39","author":"Allaire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-018-0275-8","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Clostridium Butyricum Supplementation on Growth Performance, Intestinal Development, and Immune Response of Weaned Piglets Challenged with Lipopolysaccharide","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00244","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Probiotic and Synbiotic on Growth Performance, Organ Weights, and Intestinal Histomorphology of Broiler Chickens","volume":"88","author":"Awad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-8401(03)00163-9","article-title":"A Review of Interactions between Dietary Fibre and the Intestinal Mucosa, and Their Consequences on Digestive Health in Young Non-Ruminant Animals","volume":"108","author":"Montagne","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Li, X., Nie, C., Wu, Y., Luo, R., Chen, C., Niu, J., and Zhang, W. (2023). Effects of Two Strains of Lactobacillus Isolated from the Feces of Calves after Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Growth Performance, Immune Capacity, and Intestinal Barrier Function of Weaned Calves. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1249628"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.02.007","article-title":"Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function by Microbial Metabolites","volume":"11","author":"Ghosh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0039-y","article-title":"Goblet Cells: Multifaceted Players in Immunity at Mucosal Surfaces","volume":"11","author":"Knoop","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Zheng, T., Ding, H., Chen, J., Li, B., Zhang, Q., Yang, S., Zhang, S., and Guan, W. (2023). Exploring the Benefits of Probiotics in Gut Inflammation and Diarrhea\u2014From an Antioxidant Perspective. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12071342"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Qiao, B., Cai, Y., Tan, Z., and Deng, N. (2023). Diarrhea Accompanies Intestinal Inflammation and Intestinal Mucosal Microbiota Dysbiosis during Fatigue Combined with a High-Fat Diet. BMC Microbiol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02896-9"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, X., Dai, Z., Cao, G., Cui, Z., Zhang, R., Xu, Y., Wu, Y., and Yang, C. (2023). Protective Effects of Bacillus Licheniformis on Growth Performance, Gut Barrier Functions, Immunity and Serum Metabolome in Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Weaned Piglets. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1140564"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.02.005","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Multistrain Probiotic Formulation (L.\u2009rhamnosus, B.\u2009lactis, and B. longum)","volume":"53","author":"Sichetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114519001363","article-title":"Modulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 \u03b1\/Cyclo-Oxygenase-2 Pathway Associated with Attenuation of Intestinal Mucosa Inflammatory Damage by Acanthopanax senticosus Polysaccharides in Lipopolysaccharide-Challenged Piglets","volume":"122","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223490","article-title":"Interactions between the Microbiota and the Immune System","volume":"336","author":"Hooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-030409-101314","article-title":"Adaptive Immune Regulation in the Gut: T Cell\u2013Dependent and T Cell\u2013Independent IgA Synthesis","volume":"28","author":"Fagarasan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2297","article-title":"Host Interactions of Probiotic Bacterial Surface Molecules: Comparison with Commensals and Pathogens","volume":"8","author":"Lebeer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.5149","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species in Inflammation and Tissue Injury","volume":"20","author":"Mittal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signaling"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2010.01.003","article-title":"The Sites and Topology of Mitochondrial Superoxide Production","volume":"45","author":"Brand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2006.07.001","article-title":"Free Radicals and Antioxidants in Normal Physiological Functions and Human Disease","volume":"39","author":"Valko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801944","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1801944","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Tolerance and Antioxidant Capacity of Lactic Acid Bacteria as Probiotic: A Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.06.003","article-title":"Weaning Stress and Gastrointestinal Barrier Development: Implications for Lifelong Gut Health in Pigs","volume":"3","author":"Moeser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-4-19","article-title":"The Biological Stress of Early Weaned Piglets","volume":"4","author":"Campbell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-02943-x","article-title":"Lactobacillus Paracasei R3 Protects against Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-Induced Colitis in Mice via Regulating Th17\/Treg Cell Balance","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., Zhang, H., Meng, K., Cai, H., Liu, W., Song, L., Zhang, Z., Zhu, Q., Han, X., and Han, Y. (2025). Limosilactobacillus Reuteri ZY15 Alleviates Intestinal Inflammation and Barrier Dysfunction via AKT\/mTOR\/HIF-1\u03b1\/ROR\u03b3t\/IL-17 Signaling and the Gut Microbiota in ETEC K88-Challenged Mice. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14010058"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2022.11.002","article-title":"Rumen Microbiota-Host Transcriptome Interaction Mediates the Protective Effects of Trans-10, Cis-12 CLA on Facilitating Weaning Transition of Lambs","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2012.05.001","article-title":"PPARs at the Crossroads of Lipid Signaling and Inflammation","volume":"23","author":"Wahli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.03.051","article-title":"Th17 Immune Response in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Future Roles and Opportunities for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bioactive Compounds Released in Fermented Milk","volume":"112","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.02.016","article-title":"Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"140","author":"Strober","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11929","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c02429","article-title":"Dendrobium Officinale Polysaccharide Alleviates Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Restoring Gut Microbiota and Repairing Intestinal Barrier via the LPS\/TLR4\/TRIF\/NF-kB Axis","volume":"71","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21248","article-title":"IL-23\/IL-17 Axis in IBD","volume":"16","author":"Sarra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.09.003","article-title":"Interleukin-23-Independent IL-17 Production Regulates Intestinal Epithelial Permeability","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2009.11.011","article-title":"The Role and Potential of Probiotic Bacteria in the Gut, and the Communication between Gut Microflora and Gut\/Host","volume":"20","author":"Klaenhammer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8063647","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/8063647","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics on Cytokine Profiles","volume":"2018","author":"Azad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2017.3990","article-title":"Lactobacillus Acidophilus Improves Intestinal Inflammation in an Acute Colitis Mouse Model by Regulation of Th17 and Treg Cell Balance and Fibrosis Development","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20111106","article-title":"Involvement of Interleukin-21 in the Regulation of Colitis-Associated Colon Cancer","volume":"208","author":"Stolfi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201018666170210152218","article-title":"Lactic Acid Bacteria with Concomitant IL-17, IL-23 and TNF\u03b1- Binding Ability for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"18","author":"Kosler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3067126","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3067126","article-title":"Impact of Retinoic Acid on Immune Cells and Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"2018","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13622","article-title":"Effect of Riboflavin-Producing Bacteria against Chemically Induced Colitis in Mice","volume":"124","author":"Levit","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Q., Yi, H., Hong, W., Wu, Q., Yang, X., Hu, S., Xiong, Y., Wang, L., and Jiang, Z. (2021). Comparative Effects of L. Plantarum CGMCC 1258 and L. Reuteri LR1 on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Function, and Intestinal Immunity in Weaned Pigs. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.728849"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dell\u2019Anno, M., Callegari, M.L., Reggi, S., Caprarulo, V., Giromini, C., Spalletta, A., Coranelli, S., Sgoifo Rossi, C.A., and Rossi, L. (2021). Lactobacillus Plantarum and Lactobacillus Reuteri as Functional Feed Additives to Prevent Diarrhoea in Weaned Piglets. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061766"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/1\/132\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T05:26:14Z","timestamp":1769059574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/1\/132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox15010132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox15010132","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]}}}