{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T17:40:50Z","timestamp":1789839650422,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2023ZD04046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZD04046"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural\u00a0Science\u00a0Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32172728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Key R&D\u00a0Program of Shandongg","award":["2019GNC106005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019GNC106005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oocytes cultured in vitro are exposed to high oxygen tension and lack follicular antioxidants, leading to redox imbalance. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a marine long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, possesses strong antioxidant activity. Here, using pigs as a model, we examined the effects of EPA on oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) and subsequent developmental competence. Cumulus\u2013oocyte complexes were cultured with EPA, followed by assessment of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation and embryonic development; transcriptomic and proteomic analyses were conducted to explore underlying mechanisms. Supplementation with 10 \u00b5M EPA significantly improved maturation and blastocyst rates by reducing spindle defects, facilitating a more uniform organization of cortical granules and mitochondria. EPA increased resolvin E1 accumulation and reduced cumulus-cell apoptosis through downregulation of TNF-\u03b1 and BAX and upregulation of BCL2. In MII oocytes, EPA lowered apoptosis, DNA damage, and ROS levels while enhancing SOD2 and GPX4 expression. Mitochondrial quality and turnover were improved via upregulation of PPARGC1A, NDUFS2, PINK1, LC3, FIS1, MUL1, and OPA1, alongside strengthened ER\u2013mitochondria contacts. These findings demonstrate that EPA alleviates oxidative stress, optimizes mitochondrial function, and enhances porcine oocyte maturation and developmental competence in a parthenogenetic model, highlighting its potential as a marine-derived functional additive for reproductive biotechnology. Future studies will be required to validate these effects under fertilization-based embryo production systems and to further refine dose\u2013response relationships using expanded embryo-quality endpoints.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15010137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T11:11:17Z","timestamp":1768993877000},"page":"137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Eicosapentaenoic Acid Improves Porcine Oocyte Cytoplasmic Maturation and Developmental Competence via Antioxidant and Mitochondrial Regulatory Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yibo","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2411-8505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7145-5702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6645-269X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueping","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4421-2967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaojiao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gotschel, F., Sonigo, C., Becquart, C., Sellami, I., Mayeur, A., and Grynberg, M. 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