{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T07:31:57Z","timestamp":1774769517011,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Key R&D Projects","award":["2024B02011-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024B02011-3"]}]},{"name":"Central Government Guidance Fund for Local Sci-Tech Development","award":["ZYYD2025QY04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZYYD2025QY04"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of Ningxia Independent Innovation on Agriculture Science and Technology","award":["NGSB-2021-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NGSB-2021-12"]}]},{"name":"Project of the Jilin Province Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System","award":["JLARS-2025-070210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JLARS-2025-070210"]}]},{"name":"Special Project for the Construction of National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System","award":["CARS-37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-37"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-induced ovarian damage has attracted widespread attention, but differences in cytotoxicity and underlying mechanisms of water-soluble (WS-PM2.5) and water-insoluble (WIS-PM2.5) fractions are unclear. To investigate potential effects of PM2.5 from livestock farming environments on animal ovaries, PM2.5 samples were collected from large-scale cattle barns. There were significant differences between fractions regarding elemental composition, proportion of water-soluble ions, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content, and endotoxin concentrations. Based on transcriptome sequencing results, in a cowshed PM2.5 exposure model (rats), differentially expressed ovarian mRNAs were significantly enriched in signaling pathways such as cytokine interaction and the Hippo pathway, with the expression of thioredoxin-interacting protein (Txnip) significantly increased. In vitro (primary rat ovarian granulosa cells), short-term exposure to WS-PM2.5 (12 h) significantly induced inflammatory factor release, acute oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and intracellular Ca2+ overload, with characteristics of rapid acute injury. However, extended (24 h) WIS-PM2.5 exposure had greater disruptive effects on estrogen homeostasis, intracellular enzyme release (LDH), and mitochondrial structure (subacute characteristics). Furthermore, downregulating Txnip expression via inhibitors effectively mitigated cowshed PM2.5-induced ovarian granulosa cell toxicity, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial and hormonal dysfunction. In summary, solubility of cowshed PM2.5 components affected cytotoxic characteristics, and Txnip was a key factor linking oxidative stress to granulosa cell damage. The study provided a mechanistic basis and potential targets for preventing and controlling PM2.5-induced ovarian damage in livestock environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15010138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T11:11:17Z","timestamp":1768993877000},"page":"138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Differential Toxicity of Water-Soluble Versus Water-Insoluble Components of Cowshed PM2.5 on Ovarian Granulosa Cells and the Regulatory Role of Txnip in Overall Toxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cuizhu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunna","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xintian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenyang Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Shenyang 110001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuzhen","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Mechanization, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wulumuqi 830091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5701-6685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunhang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2025.179864","article-title":"Assessing the short-term exposure risk and mortality burden of dust and fine aerosol PM2.5 in Central Asia","volume":"991","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. 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