{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T17:16:27Z","timestamp":1769620587821,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82271572"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271572"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82230044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82230044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025YFC2511201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YFC2511201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brain diseases such as ischaemic stroke, Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), and glioma were characterized by high mortality and disability rate, and oxidative stress remains a major obstacle in treatment. Plasma\u2013nanomedicine synergistic treatment technology provides a very attractive treatment strategy based on complementarity. This technology integrates cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) with nanomedicine. CAP produces active substances that regulate oxidative stress, while nanomedicine is specially designed for targeted delivery, controlled release, and microenvironmentally responsive activation of therapeutic agents. This integration generates new therapeutic functions and significantly improves the overall therapeutic effect. Despite the broad prospects of this emerging technology, researchers in the fields of medicine, physics, or pharmacy have not yet paid much attention to it. To fill this research gap, this review describes the physicochemical properties and biological effects of CAP and summarizes the latest advances in plasma nanomedicine strategies in the field of brain disease intervention, and reviews the four major nanomedical categories\u2014metal-based, inorganic non-metallic, polymer-based and hydrogel systems\u2014and their clinical applications in the treatment of brain tumors, strokes and neurodegenerative diseases in conjunction with CAP. Finally, we highlight a number of key challenges\u2014limited resources of special CAP equipment, incomplete understanding of the mechanism, obstacles to transformation application\u2014and put forward the future research direction to promote the development of accurate, safe, and clinical transformation value plasma\u2013nanomedicine therapy for brain diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15020166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T11:14:07Z","timestamp":1769426047000},"page":"166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plasma\u2013Nanomedicine Synergistic Therapy for Brain Diseases: Current Status, Applications, and Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shun-Lian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain Science & Department of Psychiatry & Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain Science & Department of Psychiatry & Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0815-4527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-Ze","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain Science & Department of Psychiatry & Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712046, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen-Long","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacture Systems Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Manufacture Systems Engineering, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiu-Hua","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain Science & Department of Psychiatry & Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7919-1910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yudan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain Science & Department of Psychiatry & Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9644-836X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing-Yan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain Science & Department of Psychiatry & Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3986-8803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain Science & Department of Psychiatry & Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xian-Cang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain Science & Department of Psychiatry & Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6183-539X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dao-Cheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Brain Science & Department of Psychiatry & Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00038-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990\u20132021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"23","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e095642","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.095642","article-title":"Rapid discovery and optimization of novel brain shuttles and shuttle-enabled anti-amyloid therapeutics using multiplexed in vivo biologics design","volume":"20","author":"Lofgren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01434-5","article-title":"Nanomaterials alleviating redox stress in neurological diseases: Mechanisms and applications","volume":"20","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e090104","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.090104","article-title":"Discovery of half-curcumin-based chemiluminescence probes and their applications in detecting quasi-stable oxidized proteins","volume":"20","author":"Ran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102667","article-title":"Oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment: Key drivers in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"104","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Xiao, Y., Miao, J., Zhang, X., Liu, M., Zhu, L., Liu, H., Shen, X., Wang, J., and Xie, B. (2025). Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: Drivers of Tumorigenesis and Therapeutic Opportunities. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14060735"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109680","article-title":"Interplay between reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in living organisms","volume":"349","author":"Lushchak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2020.213581","article-title":"Metal-coordinated fluorescent and luminescent probes for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS)","volume":"427","author":"Kwon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandl, N., Seitz, R., Sendtner, N., M\u00fcller, M., and G\u00fclow, K. (2025). Living on the Edge: ROS Homeostasis in Cancer Cells and Its Potential as a Therapeutic Target. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14081002"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20240388","DOI":"10.1002\/EXP.20240388","article-title":"Specifically Breaking Through the Injured Blood-Brain Barrier With Tannic Acid-Based Nanomedicine for Ischemic Stroke Ischemia Reperfusion Treatment","volume":"5","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exploration"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9457","DOI":"10.1039\/D5CS00544B","article-title":"Mechanism of oxidative stress and neurotoxicity associated with heme and copper\u2013A\u03b2 relevant to Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"54","author":"Dey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bbaf066","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbaf066","article-title":"ESM-BBB-Pred: A fine-tuned ESM 2.0 and deep neural networks for the identification of blood\u2013brain barrier peptides","volume":"26","author":"Naseem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-023-01954-6","article-title":"Chemotherapy: How to reduce its adverse effects while maintaining the potency?","volume":"40","author":"Brianna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2023.05.018","article-title":"Current research trends of nanomedicines","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701921","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201701921","article-title":"Drug Delivery to the Brain across the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Using Nanomaterials","volume":"13","author":"Tsou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022005","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/adab5a","article-title":"Ferritin nanoparticles: New strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system diseases","volume":"20","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.110942","article-title":"Selective Peptide-Guided Transcytosis Enhances Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated siRNA Delivery Across the Blood-Brain Barrier","volume":"302","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20220045","DOI":"10.1002\/EXP.20220045","article-title":"Advanced strategies to evade the mononuclear phagocyte system clearance of nanomaterials","volume":"3","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exploration"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02835-4","article-title":"Biomimetic nanocarriers in cancer therapy: Based on intercellular and cell-tumor microenvironment communication","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.11.014","article-title":"Plasma-activated medium induces A549 cell injury via a spiral apoptotic cascade involving the mitochondrial\u2013nuclear network","volume":"79","author":"Adachi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmadi, M., Singer, D., Potlitz, F., Nasri, Z., von Woedtke, T., Link, A., Bekeschus, S., and Wende, K. (2023). Cold Physical Plasma-Mediated Fenretinide Prodrug Activation Confers Additive Cytotoxicity in Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12061271"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, M., Zhao, X., Fan, R., Zhang, X., Peng, S., Xu, D., and Yang, Y. (2022). Cold Atmospheric Plasma Suppressed MM In Vivo Engraftment by Increasing ROS and Inhibiting the Notch Signaling Pathway. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27185832"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gangemi, S., Petrarca, C., Tonacci, A., Di Gioacchino, M., Musolino, C., and Allegra, A. (2022). Cold Atmospheric Plasma Targeting Hematological Malignancies: Potentials and Problems of Clinical Translation. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11081592"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400249","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.202400249","article-title":"Production and Chemical Composition of Plasma Activated Water: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"22","author":"Montalbetti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plasma Process. Polym."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agus, R., Avino, F., Lavrikova, A., Myers, B., and Furno, I. (2025). Flow cytometry study of Escherichia coli treated with plasma-activated water: Confirming the absence of the viable but non-culturable state in bacteria. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1592471"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c16518","article-title":"Enhanced Anticancer Efficacy of Alkaline Plasma-Activated Water through Augmented RONS Production","volume":"17","author":"Pang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.135833","article-title":"Secondary activation on plasma-activated water by plasma-treated cotton for restoring and enhancing disinfection effect","volume":"480","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8143","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S519328","article-title":"Emerging Targeted Delivery Strategies of Nanosystems for Ischemic Stroke Treatment","volume":"20","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.09.031","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species-responsive sulfated polysaccharide-based nanogels for ischemic stroke: A precision therapy through pathological microenvironment modulation","volume":"206","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.10.037","article-title":"Brain-targeted antigen-generating nanoparticles improve glioblastoma prognosis","volume":"352","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1670","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae973","article-title":"Generic Diagramming Platform (GDP): A comprehensive database of high-quality biomedical graphics","volume":"53","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112343","article-title":"Plasma assisted decomposition and reforming of greenhouse gases: A review of current status and emerging trends","volume":"161","author":"Vadikkeettil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425201","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/45\/42\/425201","article-title":"Plasma chemistry model of surface microdischarge in humid air and dynamics of reactive neutral species","volume":"45","author":"Sakiyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2024.106103","article-title":"The effect of variations in cold plasma conditions on the detoxification of Aflatoxin M1 and degradation products","volume":"160","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.337","article-title":"Combination of Cold Atmospheric Helium Plasma and Mild Hyperthermia Causes a Synergistic Enhancement in Cell Death Mainly via Up-Regulation of Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species","volume":"100","author":"Rehman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"07LF01","DOI":"10.7567\/JJAP.55.07LF01","article-title":"Production characteristics of reactive oxygen\/nitrogen species in water using atmospheric pressure discharge plasmas","volume":"55","author":"Takahashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8774","DOI":"10.1039\/D5MH00945F","article-title":"Microbubble-enhanced cold plasma (MB-CAP) for pathogen disinfection in water: A sustainable alternative to traditional methods","volume":"12","author":"Kuddushi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2002.804220","article-title":"Nonthermal decontamination of biological media by atmospheric-pressure plasmas: Review, analysis, and prospects","volume":"30","author":"Laroussi","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075140","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0280729","article-title":"Synergistic generation of N2O5 by needle-ring electrode and gliding arc discharge air plasmas for enhanced bacterial inactivation","volume":"15","author":"Shu","year":"2025","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-025-04662-x","article-title":"Effects of Cold Atmospheric Plasma on Cellular Behavior in Oral and Dental Tissues: A Systematic Review","volume":"40","author":"Kadkhodazadeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14257","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14257","article-title":"Two case reports of inverse psoriasis treated with cold atmospheric plasma","volume":"33","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.04.019","article-title":"Successful Treatment of Vitiligo with Cold Atmospheric Plasma\u2013Activated Hydrogel","volume":"141","author":"Zhai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6146","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06661-7","article-title":"Skin renewal activity of non-thermal plasma through the activation of \u03b2-catenin in keratinocytes","volume":"7","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2025.02.002","article-title":"Plasma-activated saline hyperthermic perfusion-induced pyroptosis boosts peritoneal carcinomatosis immunotherapy","volume":"230","author":"Qi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1109\/27.533129","article-title":"Sterilization of contaminated matter with an atmospheric pressure plasma","volume":"24","author":"Laroussi","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2000063","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.202000063","article-title":"Atmospheric pressure plasma treatments protect neural cells from ischemic stroke-relevant injuries by targeting mitochondria","volume":"17","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plasma Process. Polym."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025114","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0064301","article-title":"Mechanisms of atmospheric pressure plasma protection of neuronal cells under simulated ischemic stroke conditions","volume":"12","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1049\/hve2.12267","article-title":"Application of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet in a rat model of ischaemic stroke: Design, optimisation, and characteristics","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"High Volt."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Yang, B., Xu, L., Shi, Z., Han, R., Yuan, F., Ouyang, J., Yan, X., and Ostrikov, K.K. (2022). Inhalation of Atmospheric-Pressure Gas Plasma Attenuates Brain Infarction in Rats With Experimental Ischemic Stroke. Front. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.875053"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209405","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202209405","article-title":"Neuroprotective Treatments for Ischemic Stroke: Opportunities for Nanotechnology","volume":"32","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2301504","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202301504","article-title":"Plasma-Derived Nanoclusters for Site-Specific Multimodality Photo\/Magnetic Thrombus Theranostics","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2023.100876","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma-enabled platelet vesicle incorporated iron oxide nano-propellers for thrombolysis","volume":"23","author":"Jheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.144766","article-title":"Osteopontin targeted non-invasive nanoprobes with amplified surface plasmon resonance for photothermally enhanced multimodal precision imaging of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"471","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2932","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CS00793F","article-title":"Plasmonic silver and gold nanoparticles: Shape- and structure-modulated plasmonic functionality for point-of-caring sensing, bio-imaging and medical therapy","volume":"53","author":"Hang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-020-01955-9","article-title":"Biomedical Applications of Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles: A Review","volume":"33","author":"Nejati","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-014-1561-6","article-title":"Alternating Magnetic Field-Induced Hyperthermia Increases Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Cell Association\/Uptake and Flux in Blood\u2013Brain Barrier Models","volume":"32","author":"Dan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1002\/cplu.201402080","article-title":"In\u2005Vivo Processing of Ceria Nanoparticles inside Liver: Impact on Free-Radical Scavenging Activity and Oxidative Stress","volume":"79","author":"Graham","year":"2014","journal-title":"ChemPlusChem"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3662","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c17861","article-title":"Gold Nanorods with Spatial Separation of CeO2 Deposition for Plasmonic-Enhanced Antioxidant Stress and Photothermal Therapy of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"Ge","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2022.102565","article-title":"Cerium dioxide, a Jekyll and Hyde nanomaterial, can increase basal and decrease elevated inflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"43","author":"Yokel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8669","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS00461H","article-title":"Inorganic nanomaterials with rapid clearance for biomedical applications","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.145884","article-title":"Violet phosphorene nanosheets and cold atmospheric plasma for synergetic cancer therapy","volume":"475","author":"Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ContrerasC\u00e1ceres, R., Cabeza, L., Perazzoli, G., D\u00edaz, A., L\u00f3pezRomero, J.M., Melguizo, C., and Prados, J. (2019). Electrospun Nanofibers: Recent Applications in Drug Delivery and Cancer Therapy. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9040656"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2023.100774","article-title":"ROS-responsive PEGylated ferrocene polymer nanoparticles with improved stability for tumor-selective chemotherapy and imaging","volume":"22","author":"Oh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14693","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c05341","article-title":"Hypoxia-Activated PEGylated Paclitaxel Prodrug Nanoparticles for Potentiated Chemotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56858","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c16351","article-title":"Pulmonary Delivery of Reactive Oxygen Species\/Glutathione-Responsive Paclitaxel Dimeric Nanoparticles Improved Therapeutic Indices against Metastatic Lung Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1903596","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201903596","article-title":"PEGylated Tantalum Nanoparticles: A Metallic Photoacoustic Contrast Agent for Multiwavelength Imaging of Tumors","volume":"15","author":"Miao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2024.102392","article-title":"Modulating efficient differentiation of neural stem cells into neurons by using plasmonic nanoparticles and the NIR II irradiation to boost therapy of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"57","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23276","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c06202","article-title":"Cancer Cell Membrane-Coated Homodimer Prodrug Nanoassemblies to Simultaneously Deliver Prodrugs and Immune Adjuvants for Combined Chemo-Immunotherapy","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.130639","article-title":"Enhancing biocatalysis of a MXene-based biomimetic plasmonic assembly for targeted cancer treatments in NIR-II biowindow","volume":"425","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22780","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c06888","article-title":"Hybrid Nanoparticle\u2013Hydrogel Systems for Drug Delivery Depots and Other Biomedical Applications","volume":"18","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122162","article-title":"External cold atmospheric plasma-responsive on-site hydrogel for remodeling tumor immune microenvironment","volume":"299","author":"Byun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2024.10.004","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders: Mechanisms and implications","volume":"15","author":"Dash","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144101","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0107906","article-title":"Alkaline plasma-activated water (PAW) as an innovative therapeutic avenue for cancer treatment","volume":"121","author":"Pang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaushik, N.K., Kaushik, N., Wahab, R., Bhartiya, P., Linh, N.N., Khan, F., Al-Khedhairy, A.A., and Choi, E.H. (2020). Cold Atmospheric Plasma and Gold Quantum Dots Exert Dual Cytotoxicity Mediated by the Cell Receptor-Activated Apoptotic Pathway in Glioblastoma Cells. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12020457"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5298","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23262-0","article-title":"Cold Atmospheric Plasma Induces ATP-Dependent Endocytosis of Nanoparticles and Synergistic U373MG Cancer Cell Death","volume":"8","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.02.014","article-title":"Low doses of PEG-coated gold nanoparticles sensitize solid tumors to cold plasma by blocking the PI3K\/AKT-driven signaling axis to suppress cellular transformation by inhibiting growth and EMT","volume":"87","author":"Kaushik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2020.108462","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma induces silver nanoparticle uptake, oxidative dissolution and enhanced cytotoxicity in glioblastoma multiforme cells","volume":"689","author":"Manaloto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"299","article-title":"Synergistic effect of cold atmospheric plasma and methylene blue loaded nano micelles on treating human glioblastoma cells: An in vitro and molecular dynamics study","volume":"28","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00083","article-title":"Efficacy of Temozolomide-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticle Photothermal Therapy of Drug-Resistant Glioblastoma and Its Mechanism Study","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"34","article-title":"A Review on the Role of Nanoparticles for Targeted Brain Drug Delivery: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications","volume":"24","author":"Mohammed","year":"2025","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6999","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S466268","article-title":"Near Infrared-Activatable Biomimetic Nanoplatform for Tumor-Specific Drug Release, Penetration and Chemo-Photothermal Synergistic Therapy of Orthotopic Glioblastoma","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0133","DOI":"10.34133\/bmr.0133","article-title":"Combined Strategies for Nanodrugs Noninvasively Overcoming the Blood\u2013Brain Barrier and Actively Targeting Glioma Lesions","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiariello, M., Inzalaco, G., Barone, V., and Gherardini, L. (2023). Overcoming challenges in glioblastoma treatment: Targeting infiltrating cancer cells and harnessing the tumor microenvironment. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1327621"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, l. (2025). Dose-Dependent Ferroptosis Induction in Osteosarcoma via NRF2\/GPX4 Axis Modulation by Plasma-Activated Liquid Therapy. [Master\u2019s Thesis, The Anhui Medical University].","DOI":"10.1177\/15230864251399168"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03696-1","article-title":"Biomimetic Cu2\u2212xSe nanoplatforms for efficient glioblastoma treatment: Overcoming the blood-brain barrier and boosting Immunogenetic cell death","volume":"23","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02299-4","article-title":"Glioblastoma at the crossroads: Current understanding and future therapeutic horizons","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2011.386","article-title":"Cold plasma selectivity and the possibility of a paradigm shift in cancer therapy","volume":"105","author":"Keidar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.06.209","article-title":"Cold Atmospheric Plasma as an Adjunct to Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma Multiforme","volume":"130","author":"Almeida","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73457-7","article-title":"Combination therapy of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) with temozolomide in the treatment of U87MG glioblastoma cells","volume":"10","author":"Gjika","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soni, V., Adhikari, M., Simonyan, H., Lin, L., Sherman, J.H., Young, C.N., and Keidar, M. (2021). In Vitro and In Vivo Enhancement of Temozolomide Effect in Human Glioblastoma by Non-Invasive Application of Cold Atmospheric Plasma. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13174485"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6985","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63732-y","article-title":"Cold Atmospheric Plasma Stimulates Clathrin-Dependent Endocytosis to Repair Oxidised Membrane and Enhance Uptake of Nanomaterial in Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14499","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14499","article-title":"Regulatory mechanism of circular RNAs in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"30","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.03.004","article-title":"Circuit Mechanisms of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"101","author":"McGregor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44035","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000044035","article-title":"Immune regulatory mechanisms of different exercise methods promoting Parkinson\u2019s rehabilitation: A narrative review","volume":"104","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20230137","DOI":"10.1002\/EXP.20230137","article-title":"Tau-targeting nanoparticles for treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Pawar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exploration"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-024-06199-6","article-title":"Recent advances and FDA approvals in nanoformulations for drug delivery","volume":"27","author":"Asadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanoparticle Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-025-04378-3","article-title":"Breaking barriers: Exploring blood-brain barrier crossing mechanisms with nanomedicine for effective glioma treatment","volume":"15","author":"Ali","year":"2025","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000573","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjonc-2024-000573","article-title":"Thirty years from FDA approval of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil\/Caelyx): An updated analysis and future perspective","volume":"4","author":"Gabizon","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Oncol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mattod.2022.03.001","article-title":"Cold atmospheric plasma delivery for biomedical applications","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2010411","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.10411","article-title":"Effect of Cold Atmospheric Plasma Therapy vs Standard Therapy Placebo on Wound Healing in Patients With Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"3","author":"Stratmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-025-05290-9","article-title":"The activity of cold atmospheric plasma against high-grade glioma: A review","volume":"176","author":"Peeters","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-024-00695-w","article-title":"Precision drug delivery to the central nervous system using engineered nanoparticles","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/2\/166\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T05:21:24Z","timestamp":1769577684000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/2\/166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox15020166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox15020166","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]}}}