{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T05:02:39Z","timestamp":1770699759877,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22178070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22178070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015956","name":"Special Project for Research and Development in Key areas of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022B1111080003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022B1111080003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015956","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hyperpigmentation disorders lack effective therapies due to efficacy and safety limitations. Spirulina-derived peptides (SPs) show promises as anti-melanogenic agents, but their mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: SPs (&lt;1 kDa, 3\u20136 amino acids) were isolated and assessed for tyrosinase inhibition, antioxidant, and anti-glycation activities. In vitro effects were tested in B16F10 cells; transcriptomic profiling used RNA sequencing. In vivo efficacy was evaluated in UVB-induced hyperpigmentation mouse models. Results: SPs exhibited mixed-type kinetic inhibition of tyrosinase along with strong antioxidant and anti-glycation activities. In vitro, SP suppressed melanin synthesis by directly inhibiting tyrosinase, downregulating the cAMP\/PKA\/CREB cascade, and activating the PI3K\/Akt\/GSK-3\u03b2 pathway, resulting in reduced MITF and tyrosinase expression. Transcriptomic analysis revealed broad regulation of melanogenesis and inflammatory pathways. In vivo, topical SP treatment significantly reduced UVB-induced hyperpigmentation and skin inflammation, correlating with decreased CREB phosphorylation and tyrosinase expression. Conclusions: SP acts as a dual anti-melanogenic\/anti-inflammatory agent through enzyme inhibition and signaling modulation, offering a novel therapeutic strategy for inflammation-associated hyperpigmentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15020181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T17:38:34Z","timestamp":1769794714000},"page":"181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spirulina Peptides Suppress UVB-Induced Skin Hyperpigmentation via Integrated Modulation of Melanogenesis and Inflammatory Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2811-8743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiying","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaiye","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infinitus (China) Company Ltd., Guangzhou 510405, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongtao","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changzhi","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS UMR 8251, INSERM ERL 1133, Unit\u00e9 de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, F-75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4030-2022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyun","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2023.188968","article-title":"Natural tyrosinase enzyme inhibitors: A path from melanin to melanoma and its reported pharmacological activities","volume":"1878","author":"Logesh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochim. 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