{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T21:34:15Z","timestamp":1793223255742,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative stress and sarcopenia are increasingly perceived as interdependent processes that significantly affect the course of cardiovascular diseases. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species leads to muscle cell damage, mitochondrial disorders, and chronic inflammation, which promote progressive loss of muscle mass and function. Methods: The aim of the study was to analyze the mechanisms linking oxidative stress and sarcopenia in the course of cardiovascular diseases. Our scoping review initially identified 854 articles, of which 3 were ultimately included in the review (after removing duplicates (n = 118), 736 articles remained; after re-screening the articles according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria (n = 302), 434 articles remained; 196 publications lacked full text and were excluded, leaving 238 articles). Results: An examination of the available literature indicates a potential association between increased oxidative stress and the possible development of sarcopenia in individuals with cardiovascular diseases. The studies identified in this review suggest that elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, together with reduced antioxidant capacity, may contribute to muscle fiber damage, mitochondrial disturbances, and the activation of chronic inflammatory processes, which could in turn be involved in the accelerated decline of muscle mass and strength. Conclusions: These results confirm that oxidative stress is a key pathophysiological element linking both disease entities and may be an important target of therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15020184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T09:48:08Z","timestamp":1770025688000},"page":"184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Mechanisms Linking Oxidative Stress and Sarcopenia in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3002-3153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina","family":"Krupa-Nurcek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Sema\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3094-2385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Szczupak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ansesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Copernicus Hospital, 80-803 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4860-5951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Kobak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, 80-210 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8377-4893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wioletta","family":"M\u0119drzycka-D\u0105browska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology Nursing & Intensive Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazimierz","family":"Widenka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11041509","article-title":"Oxidative stress, molecular inflammation and sarcopenia","volume":"11","author":"Meng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.2174\/1874609811003020090","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms in aging and current strategies to counteract sarcopenia","volume":"3","author":"Sakuma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Aging Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.04221-14","article-title":"Corynebacterium glutamicum methionine sulfoxide reductase A uses both mycoredoxin and thioredoxin for regeneration and oxidative stress resistance","volume":"81","author":"Si","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.036","article-title":"The thioredoxin antioxidant system","volume":"66","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5362","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56103-4","article-title":"Association between oxidative balance score and sarcopenia in older adults","volume":"14","author":"Mahmoodi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2013.05.061","article-title":"Short-term caloric restriction, resveratrol, or combined treatment regimens initiated in late-life alter mitochondrial protein expression profiles in a fiber-type specific manner in aged animals","volume":"48","author":"Joseph","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2012.00843.x","article-title":"Dietary restriction attenuates age-associated muscle atrophy by lowering oxidative stress in mice even in complete absence of CuZnSOD","volume":"11","author":"Jang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.037","article-title":"The effects of dietary restriction on oxidative stress in rodents","volume":"66","author":"Walsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.03.013","article-title":"Antioxidant intervention attenuates oxidative stress in children and teenagers with Down syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Parisotto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12980","article-title":"Oxidative stress parameters and antioxidants in patients with bipolar disorder: Results from a meta-analysis comparing patients, including stratification by polarity and euthymic status, with healthy controls","volume":"23","author":"Gurpegui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14r09179","article-title":"Oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters in patients with major depressive disorder compared to healthy controls before and after antidepressant treatment: Results from a meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Gurpegui","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.07.015","article-title":"Oxidative stress parameters and antioxidants in adults with unipolar or bipolar depression versus healthy controls: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"314","author":"Gurpegui","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishikawa, H., Asai, A., Fukunishi, S., Nishiguchi, S., and Higuchi, K. (2021). Metabolic Syndrome and Sarcopenia. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103519"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"CD007807","article-title":"Antioxidants for female subfertility","volume":"7","author":"Showell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2420","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Levels in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa after Oral Re-alimentation: A Systematic Review and Exploratory Meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Solmi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arcaro, A., Lepore, A., Cetrangolo, G.P., Paventi, G., Ames, P.R.J., and Gentile, F. (2025). A Reassessment of Sarcopenia from a Redox Perspective as a Basis for Preventive and Therapeutic Interventions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26167787"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, L.P., Figueiredo Godoy, A.C., Fortes Frota, F., Barbalho Lamas, C., Quesada, K., Rucco Penteado Detregiachi, C., Cressoni Ara\u00fajo, A., Miglino, M.A., Landgraf Guiguer, E., and Santos de Argollo Haber, R. (2025). Sarcopenia in the Aging Process: Pathophysiological Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262412147"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnha.2025.100718","article-title":"Comparative Effectiveness of Exercise and Protein-Based Interventions on Muscle Strength, Mass, and Function in Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, R., Dong, Y., Zheng, Q., and Yao, J. (2025). Exercise and nutrition strategies for sarcopenia in older adults: Evidence from a network meta-analysis based on EWGSOP and AWGS criteria. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1685014"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, R., Huang, W., Zhong, Y., and Du, X. (2025). Comparative Effectiveness of Exercise, Protein Supplementation, and Combined Interventions for Sarcopenia Management in Women: A Network Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17152392"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105783","article-title":"Protein supplementation alone or combined with exercise for sarcopenia and physical frailty: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"131","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101747","article-title":"The effect of Tai Chi in elderly individuals with sarcopenia and frailty: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"82","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munn, Z., Peters, M., Cindy, S., Catalin, T., McArthur, A., and Aromataris, E. (2018). Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review approach. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0611-x"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Peters, M., Godfrey, C., McInerney, P., Baldini Soares, C., Khalil, H., and Parker, D. (2015). The Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers\u2019 Manual 2015: Methodology for JBI Scoping Reviews, The Joanna Briggs Institute."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aromataris, E., and Munn, Z. (2020). Chapter 11: Scoping Reviews (2020 version). JBI Reviewer\u2019s Manual, The Joanna Briggs Institute.","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIRM-20-02"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2017.12.002","article-title":"Oxidative stress is increased in sarcopenia and associated with cardiovascular disease risk in sarcopenic obesity","volume":"109","author":"Bellanti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1rk\u00f6zy, M., Kov\u00e1cs, Z.Z.A., Kov\u00e1cs, M.G., G\u00e1sp\u00e1r, R., Sz\u0171cs, G., and Dux, L. (2018). Mechanisms and Modulation of Oxidative\/Nitrative Stress in Type 4 Cardio-Renal Syndrome and Renal Sarcopenia. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01648"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-025-03049-w","article-title":"Gliflozines as add-on to Arni in echocardiographic, sarcopenic and oxidative stress parameters in elderly patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"37","author":"Armentaro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Guo, D., Huang, Y., Long, P., Zhang, X., Bai, L., Liu, J., Hu, X., Pang, R., and Gou, X. (2024). Scientific landscape of oxidative stress in sarcopenia: From bibliometric analysis to hotspots review. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1472413"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, A., Tian, M., Luo, Z., Cao, X., and Gu, Y. (2024). Analysis of the evolution of placental oxidative stress research from a bibliometric perspective. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1475244"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666160219120531","article-title":"Oxidative Stress, Sarcopenia, Antioxidant Strategies and Exercise: Molecular Aspects","volume":"22","author":"Brioche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damiano, S., Muscariello, E., La Rosa, G., Di Maro, M., Mondola, P., and Santillo, M. (2019). Dual Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Muscle Function: Can Antioxidant Dietary Supplements Counteract Age-Related Sarcopenia?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153815"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arazi, H., Eghbali, E., and Suzuki, K. (2021). Creatine Supplementation, Physical Exercise and Oxidative Stress Markers: A Review of the Mechanisms and Effectiveness. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030869"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0282-7","article-title":"The role of oxidative, inflammatory and neuroendocrinological systems during exercise stress in athletes: Implications of antioxidant supplementation on physiological adaptation during intensified physical training","volume":"45","author":"Slattery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"29","article-title":"Antioxidant vitamin supplementation prevents oxidative stress but does not enhance performance in young football athletes","volume":"63\u201364","author":"Rosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"382","article-title":"Effect of astaxanthin supplementation on muscle damage and oxidative stress markers in elite young soccer players","volume":"52","author":"Djordjevic","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.49.343","article-title":"Protective effect of creatine supplementation and estrogen replacement on cardiac reserve function and antioxidant reservation against oxidative stress in exercise-trained ovariectomized hamsters","volume":"49","author":"Rakpongsiri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2005.11.007","article-title":"Effects of polyphenolic antioxidants on exercise-induced oxidative stress","volume":"25","author":"Zafrilla","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/13510002.2018.1472924","article-title":"Effect of ubiquinol supplementation on biochemical and oxidative stress indexes after intense exercise in young athletes","volume":"23","author":"Orlando","year":"2018","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2006.10.005","article-title":"The influence of antioxidant supplementation on markers of inflammation and the relationship to oxidative stress after exercise","volume":"18","author":"Peake","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-020-00395-0","article-title":"Grape polyphenols supplementation for exercise-induced oxidative stress","volume":"18","author":"Elejalde","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2011.12.001","article-title":"Role of peroxisomes in ROS\/RNS-metabolism: Implications for human disease","volume":"1822","author":"Fransen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6889-5_3","article-title":"Aging, age-related diseases and peroxisomes","volume":"69","author":"Fransen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Subcell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanon, O. (2025). Sarcopenia: A new cardiovascular risk factor?. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol., zwaf282.","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf282"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, Q., Zhao, L., Zhong, Q., An, Z., and Li, S. (2024). Changes in sarcopenia and incident cardiovascular disease in prospective cohorts. BMC Med., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03841-x"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105939","article-title":"7-Ketocholesterol: Effects on viral infections and hypothetical contribution in COVID-19","volume":"212","author":"Ghzaiel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mankhong, S., Kim, S., Moon, S., Kwak, H.B., Park, D.H., and Kang, J.H. (2020). Experimental Models of Sarcopenia: Bridging Molecular Mechanism and Therapeutic Strategy. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9061385"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101324","article-title":"Attenuation of 7-ketocholesterol- and 7\u03b2-hydroxycholesterol-induced oxiapoptophagy by nutrients, synthetic molecules and oils: Potential for the prevention of age-related diseases","volume":"68","author":"Nury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vargas-Mendoza, N., Angeles-Valencia, M., Morales-Gonz\u00e1lez, \u00c1., Madrigal-Santill\u00e1n, E.O., Morales-Mart\u00ednez, M., Madrigal-Bujaidar, E., \u00c1lvarez-Gonz\u00e1lez, I., Guti\u00e9rrez-Salinas, J., Esquivel-Chirino, C., and Chamorro-Cevallos, G. (2021). Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Function and Adaptation to Exercise: New Perspectives in Nutrition. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11111269"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000046880","article-title":"Mitochondria in exercise-induced oxidative stress","volume":"10","author":"Venditti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosignals"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2005.12.009","article-title":"Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer","volume":"160","author":"Valko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/2\/184\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T11:40:00Z","timestamp":1770723600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/2\/184"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox15020184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox15020184","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]}}}