{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T21:18:07Z","timestamp":1770067087723,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang","award":["LZZLX24B002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LZZLX24B002"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Marine Economic Development Department"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To develop a superoxide dismutase (SOD) fluorescent detection probe based on Phycoerythrin (PE) from Porphyridium cruentum for real-time monitoring of SOD activity, a core biomarker of oxidative stress, in a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) model, and to explore the regulatory effect of astaxanthin. Methods: Phycoerythrin and SOD were covalently coupled using the heterobifunctional cross-linker N-Succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP), and the probe concentration and incubation time were optimized. A NAFLD model was established in HepG2 cells induced by free fatty acids (FFAs). The fluorescence intensity of the probe was detected by flow cytometry, and the intervention effect of astaxanthin was evaluated by measuring triglyceride (TG)\/total cholesterol (TC) contents and SOD activity. Results: The optimal conditions for the Phycoerythrin-SOD probe were determined. Astaxanthin at 20 \u03bcM significantly reduced FFA-induced TG (56.8%) and TC (63.6%) contents and restored SOD activity to 60% of that in the control group. Conclusion: The Phycoerythrin-SOD probe serves as an efficient tool for dynamic monitoring of SOD activity in NAFLD. Astaxanthin alleviates liver injury by multi-target regulation of lipid metabolism and antioxidant pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15020189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T09:48:08Z","timestamp":1770025688000},"page":"189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Phycoerythrin-SOD Fluorescent Probe Enables Detection of Oxidative Stress for Assessing Astaxanthin in NAFLD"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8316-6511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Multiomics and Molecular Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China"},{"name":"UK-China Joint Laboratory of Microalgal Biomanufacturing and Bioengineering, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8057-7624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Multiomics and Molecular Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China"},{"name":"UK-China Joint Laboratory of Microalgal Biomanufacturing and Bioengineering, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Multiomics and Molecular Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China"},{"name":"UK-China Joint Laboratory of Microalgal Biomanufacturing and Bioengineering, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shilin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Multiomics and Molecular Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China"},{"name":"UK-China Joint Laboratory of Microalgal Biomanufacturing and Bioengineering, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Multiomics and Molecular Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China"},{"name":"UK-China Joint Laboratory of Microalgal Biomanufacturing and Bioengineering, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingyun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Multiomics and Molecular Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China"},{"name":"UK-China Joint Laboratory of Microalgal Biomanufacturing and Bioengineering, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongxiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Multiomics and Molecular Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China"},{"name":"UK-China Joint Laboratory of Microalgal Biomanufacturing and Bioengineering, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Multiomics and Molecular Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China"},{"name":"UK-China Joint Laboratory of Microalgal Biomanufacturing and Bioengineering, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunmei","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Multiomics and Molecular Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China"},{"name":"UK-China Joint Laboratory of Microalgal Biomanufacturing and Bioengineering, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meicong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Multiomics and Molecular Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China"},{"name":"UK-China Joint Laboratory of Microalgal Biomanufacturing and Bioengineering, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Multiomics and Molecular Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China"},{"name":"UK-China Joint Laboratory of Microalgal Biomanufacturing and Bioengineering, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10778","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b06398","article-title":"FRET-Based Mito-Specific Fluorescent Probe for Ratiometric Detection and Imaging of Endogenous Peroxynitrite: Dyad of Cy3 and 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