{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:56:14Z","timestamp":1791507374060,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"FONDECYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3230085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3230085"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"FONDECYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1230410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1230410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FPP22-0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPP22-0022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005916","name":"Universidad de La Frontera","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DI23-3007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DI23-3007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The etiology of male infertility is linked to oxidative stress, which is an imbalance caused by an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can negatively impact sperm function. It is known that a strong stimulus to induce excessive ROS production by spermatozoa is an intracellular calcium (Ca2+) overload; however, the link between Ca2+ dysregulation, ROS production, and impaired sperm function is still an area requiring further research. This investigation aimed to characterize the intracellular Ca2+ overload detrimental effects on human sperm quality. The intracellular Ca2+ overload was achieved by dose-dependent incubation with ionomycin, followed by analysis of key functional sperm parameters. Ca2+ overload caused an increase in cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS production, dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (\u0394\u03a8m), reduction in ATP content, cAMP levels, and motility. Furthermore, Ca2+ overload promoted phosphatidylserine externalization and a decrease in sperm viability. This study provides novel insights into the interplay between ROS and Ca2+ signaling, highlighting that disruption of homeostasis induces OS, leading to impairment of sperm quality. These findings not only contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying male infertility but also provide an in vitro model for future research aimed at optimizing human sperm quality in patients with seminal OS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15020213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T10:05:47Z","timestamp":1770372347000},"page":"213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Disruption of Calcium Homeostasis in Human Spermatozoa: Implications on Mitochondrial Bioenergetics, ROS Production, Phosphatidylserine Externalization, and Motility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1909-1288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Bravo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Translational Medicine-Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0142-2446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Jofr\u00e9-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, BIOREN, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0325-743X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Boguen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud de Precisi\u00f3n, Departamento de Procesos Diagn\u00f3sticos y Evaluaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4853-4282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Translational Medicine-Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4781176, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4840-0508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiola","family":"Zambrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Translational Medicine-Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4781176, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7358-7541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela","family":"Uribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Translational Medicine-Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4810296, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4781176, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (2013). 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