{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T16:56:17Z","timestamp":1787590577498,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["114-2314-B-182A-036-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2314-B-182A-036-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["114-2314-B-182A-048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114-2314-B-182A-048"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accumulating evidence recognizes cardiovascular\u2013kidney\u2013metabolic syndrome (CKMS) as a life-course disorder arising from dynamic and maladaptive interactions among the heart, vasculature, kidneys, liver, and pancreas. Beyond a late-onset clinical entity, CKMS susceptibility is increasingly understood to be programmed during critical developmental periods. Redox imbalance has emerged as a central integrative mechanism in this process, functioning as a mechanistic interface through which adverse early-life environments translate into persistent multi-organ vulnerability. Perturbation of the reactive oxygen species\u2013nitric oxide axis during development disrupts organogenesis, vascular maturation, and metabolic regulation, resulting in enduring structural and functional alterations that predispose individuals to hypertension, metabolic dysfunction, and chronic kidney disease. These insights position redox biology not merely as a pathogenic mechanism but as a strategic entry point for precision intervention. Addressing the escalating global burden of CKMS requires a paradigm shift toward redox-driven precision medicine. This framework integrates biologically informed phenotyping, life-course\u2013based risk stratification, early precision prevention through developmental reprogramming, and phenotype-guided therapeutics to stabilize interconnected organ networks. Transitioning from reactive, fragmented care to a proactive, systems-oriented approach offers a transformative opportunity to interrupt intergenerational risk transmission and achieve durable improvements in cardiovascular\u2013kidney\u2013metabolic health across the lifespan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15020221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T09:41:02Z","timestamp":1770630062000},"page":"221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Redox-Driven Precision Medicine for Life-Course Prevention of Cardiovascular\u2013Kidney\u2013Metabolic Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7470-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Ning","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7059-6407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"You-Lin","family":"Tain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Doctoral Program of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.11.005","article-title":"The global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk: A compass for future health","volume":"80","author":"Vaduganathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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