{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T03:43:00Z","timestamp":1790307780076,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003661","name":"Korean government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00409639"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00409639"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003661","name":"Korean government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00281517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00281517"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the bioactive potential of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl (C. camphora) leaf extracts obtained using hydrothermal extraction (HE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with 30%, 50%, and 70% ethanol (v\/v). Extracts were analyzed for their phytochemical composition and biological activities. UAE extracts, particularly with 70% ethanol, exhibited the highest total polyphenol (363.0 \u00b1 1.40 mg GAE\/g) and flavonoid (174.5 \u00b1 0.42 mg QE\/g) contents. This extract also demonstrated strong antioxidant activities (IC50: 0.024 \u00b1 0.001 mg\/mL for DPPH; IC50: 0.363 \u00b1 0.002 mg\/mL for ABTS; 3.080 \u00b1 0.044 M Fe2+\/g for FRAP) and potent enzyme inhibition (49.3 \u00b1 0.35% for tyrosinase; 24.8 \u00b1 0.34% for elastase; 94.5 \u00b1 0.12% for \u03b1-glucosidase and 77.5 \u00b1 1.11% for lipase). Antimicrobial activity was most effective against Gram-positive bacteria, notably against Cutibacterium acnes, showing the largest inhibition zone (23.0 mm at 10 mg\/disc). Overall, antioxidant, enzyme inhibition and antimicrobial activities increased significantly with increasing ethanol concentration, particularly at 70% ethanol. GC\u2013MSD analysis revealed that both HE and UAE extracts contained phenolic acids, terpenes, triterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. Collectively, these findings indicate that the extraction method (UAE) and solvent composition (70% ethanol) influence the bioactivity profile of C. camphora leaf extracts, supporting further investigation of their relevance for cosmeceutical and functional applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15020227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T14:05:15Z","timestamp":1770645915000},"page":"227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Extraction Processing Technologies and Their Effects on Antioxidant Activity in Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl Leaves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8169-6969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myat Pwint","family":"Phyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Hannam University, Daejeon 34430, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2190-1433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuchen","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Hannam University, Daejeon 34430, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8724-7801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Hannam University, Daejeon 34430, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4383-4465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunjae","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Product Research Center & Natural Product Central Bank, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Department of Applied Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Jeongeup-si 56212, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1025-7363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seungwoong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1787-8939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woonjung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Hannam University, Daejeon 34430, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ooi, S.L., and Pak, S.C. 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