{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:21:40Z","timestamp":1788963700294,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L252139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L252139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycotoxins can contaminate food and raw food materials and are a threat to animal and human health. T-2 toxin is the most toxic secondary metabolite mainly produced by Fusarium species among trichothecenes. T-2 toxin exposure can induce multiple toxic effects, including hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, and reproductive toxicity. Recent studies have reported that T-2 toxin can cross the blood\u2013brain barrier and trigger neurotoxicity. In this review, we summarized the neurotoxic effects caused by T-2 toxin exposure and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Additionally, effective neuroprotective agents, potential clinical applications, and future prospects are discussed. The current studies revealed that the molecular mechanisms of T-2 toxin-induced neurotoxicity involve oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, autophagy, ferroptosis and cell apoptosis. Several signaling pathways, including NFE2L2, NRF-2, PGC-1, p53, BTG2, AKNA, MAPK, Akt, mTOR, HMGB1, HIF-1, CREB, and NF-\u03baB, are involved. Additionally, it was reported that several antioxidants, small inhibitors and nature products, such as daucosterol, betulinic acid, AHN 1-055 hydrochloride, dimethyl fumarate and minocycline supplementations, can partly ameliorate these harmful effects. This review provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of T-2 toxin-induced neurotoxicity and novel effective detoxification strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15030278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T15:05:27Z","timestamp":1771945527000},"page":"278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["T-2 Toxin Neurotoxicity: Molecular Mechanisms and Emerging Chemoprotective Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chunyan","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1857-8612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gea","family":"Oliveri Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies \u201cG.F. Ingrassia\u201d, Environmental and Public Health Section, University of Catania, I-95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1860-3582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shusheng","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianzhong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4677-0524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chongshan","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2020.107163","article-title":"Mycotoxins in Ethiopia: Current status, implications to food safety and mitigation strategies","volume":"113","author":"Ayelign","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2023.107227","article-title":"Mycotoxins and consumers\u2019 awareness: Recent progress and future challenges","volume":"232","author":"Mukhtar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, C., Tian, E., Hao, Z., Tang, S., Wang, Z., Sharma, G., Jiang, H., and Shen, J. 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