{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T11:27:37Z","timestamp":1772105257393,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"PRIMA project \u201cOmega rabbit: food for health benefit\u201d","award":["G15F21000810001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G15F21000810001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are recognized for their beneficial effects on male fertility. This study evaluated the protective effects of dietary n-3 PUFAs from extruded linseed, alone or combined with the alga Padina pavonica, against in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sperm dysfunction in rabbits. Twelve bucks were fed for 60 days a control diet (CNT), a diet containing 5% extruded linseed (L), or 5% extruded linseed plus 0.2% P. pavonica extract (LPP). Ejaculates were exposed in vitro to increasing LPS concentrations (0, 400, and 600 \u00b5g\/mL), and sperm motility was evaluated at 0, 1, 2, and 4 h using computer-assisted sperm analysis. LPS markedly impaired sperm motility in the CNT group, increasing the percentage of static spermatozoa (p &lt; 0.001) and reducing sperm progressive motility (p &lt; 0.001), with complete immobility observed at 600 \u00b5g\/mL after 4 h. Conversely, sperm from L and LPP groups maintained significantly higher progressive motility, lower static sperm, and improved kinematic parameters throughout the LPS challenge (p &lt; 0.05). Dietary n-3 PUFA supplementation also attenuated LPS-induced TLR4 activation and reduced lipid peroxidation, as indicated by lower seminal TBARS levels. No histological alterations were detected in the male reproductive tract. These findings indicate that n-3 PUFA supplementation, particularly linseed combined with algae, mitigates LPS-induced sperm dysfunction in vitro.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15030289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T10:33:02Z","timestamp":1772101982000},"page":"289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dietary Omega-3 Supplementation with Linseed and Padina pavonica Protects Rabbit Spermatozoa Against In Vitro LPS-Induced Damage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1147-2540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alda","family":"Quattrone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1947-4033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nour Elhouda","family":"Fehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0828-4610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olimpia","family":"Barbato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Majlind","family":"Sul\u00e7e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Tirana, Kod\u00ebr Kam\u00ebz, 1029 Tirana, Albania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6134-0901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesare","family":"Castellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06124 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5063-6785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Mattioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Science, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06124 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enkeleda","family":"Ozuni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Tirana, Kod\u00ebr Kam\u00ebz, 1029 Tirana, Albania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6292-4992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Vigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Falcinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5094-8359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livio","family":"Galosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93\/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5990-1514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Biagini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93\/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8617-5984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93\/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9467-0501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Moretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4791-0514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Laura","family":"Marongiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1587-0159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Collodel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4750-2801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Brecchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6352-0036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Curone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8500-7970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Menchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93\/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12649","article-title":"The Influence of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Semen Quality Markers: A Systematic PRISMA Review","volume":"7","author":"Falsig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"189","article-title":"The Impact of Omega-3 Supplementation on Semen Profile of Men Experiencing Infertility","volume":"7","author":"Soleimani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl. Res. Urol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.03.009","article-title":"Dietary Supplementation with N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Effects on Reproductive and Productive Performance and Meat Quality in Rabbit Breeding","volume":"14","author":"Agradi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2018.1431753","article-title":"The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids, EPA, and\/or DHA on Male Infertility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Hosseini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2012.46","article-title":"The Roles of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids in Idiopathic Male Infertility","volume":"14","author":"Safarinejad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2025.117438","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Omega-6 to Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Herbal Antioxidants on Sperm Quality and Fatty Acid Profile in Rams","volume":"241","author":"Abdollahzadeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0193-8","article-title":"Effects of Different Dietary N-6\/n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Ratios on Boar Reproduction","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1080\/19390211.2025.2539882","article-title":"Dietary Fatty Acids as Modulators of Sperm Quality\u2014From Molecular Pathways to Nutritional Interventions","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Diet. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/6.3.226","article-title":"Fatty Acid Composition of Spermatozoa and Immature Germ Cells","volume":"6","author":"Lenzi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12236","article-title":"Fatty Acids Profiling Reveals Potential Candidate Markers of Semen Quality","volume":"4","author":"Zerbinati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4157(00)00018-6","article-title":"Dynamics of the Mammalian Sperm Plasma Membrane in the Process of Fertilization","volume":"1469","author":"Flesch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim. et Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Rev. Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22871","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species as Mediators of Sperm Capacitation and Pathological Damage","volume":"84","author":"Aitken","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collodel, G., Moretti, E., Noto, D., Corsaro, R., and Signorini, C. (2022). Oxidation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids as a Promising Area of Research in Infertility. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11051002"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.107.060558","article-title":"Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Male and Female Reproduction1","volume":"77","author":"Wathes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2013.783479","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Seaweed (Ulva lactuca) Supplementation on the Reproductive Performance of Buck and Doe Rabbits","volume":"41","author":"Okab","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2024.109584","article-title":"Marine Macroalgae in Rabbit Feed\u2014Effects on Meat Quality","volume":"216","author":"Nicodemus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u010cagalj, M., Skroza, D., Tabanelli, G., \u00d6zogul, F., and \u0160imat, V. (2021). Maximizing the Antioxidant Capacity of Padina Pavonica by Choosing the Right Drying and Extraction Methods. Processes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9040587"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2025.2540031","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Linseed and Padina pavonica Algae Extract on Semen Quality and Tissue Fatty Acid Metabolism in Rabbit Bucks","volume":"24","author":"Mattioli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Germoush, M.O., Elgebaly, H.A., Hassan, S., Kamel, E.M., Bin-Jumah, M., and Mahmoud, A.M. (2019). Consumption of Terpenoids-Rich Padina Pavonia Extract Attenuates Hyperglycemia, Insulin Resistance and Oxidative Stress, and Upregulates PPAR\u03b3 in a Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9010022"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodak, K., and Kratz, E.M. (2023). PUFAs and Their Derivatives as Emerging Players in Diagnostics and Treatment of Male Fertility Disorders. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16050723"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quattrone, A., Fehri, N.E., Agradi, S., Menchetti, L., Barbato, O., Castrica, M., Sul\u00e7e, M., Castellini, C., Mu\u00e7a, G., and Mattioli, S. (2025). In Vitro Effects of Lipopolysaccharide on Rabbit Sperm: Toll-like Receptor 4 Expression, Motility, and Oxidative Status. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14040431"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RD25069","DOI":"10.1071\/RD25069","article-title":"Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Impairs Sperm Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Induces Sperm Apoptosis in Infertile Men","volume":"37","author":"Sahnoun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)01850-7","article-title":"Effect of Endotoxin-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species on Sperm Motility","volume":"76","author":"Urata","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(00)00101-5","article-title":"The Rabbit as a Model for Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity Studies","volume":"14","author":"Foote","year":"2000","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Blas, C., and Wiseman, J. (2010). Nutrition of the Rabbit, CABI. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845936693.0000"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quattrone, A., Belabbas, R., Fehri, N.E., Agradi, S., Mazzola, S.M., Barbato, O., Dal Bosco, A., Mattioli, S., Failla, S., and Abdel-Kafy, E.-S.M. (2024). The Effect of Dietary Plant-Derived Omega 3 Fatty Acids on the Reproductive Performance and Gastrointestinal Health of Female Rabbits. Vet. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci11100457"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quattrone, A., Beqiraj, D., Fehri, N.E., Belabbas, R., Vigo, D., Menchetti, L., Barbato, O., Failla, S., Faustini, M., and Ghoneim, S.S. (2025). Impact of Dietary Enrichment with Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids from Extruded Linseed and Padina Pavonica Algae Extract on Growth Performance and Metabolic Status in Fattening Rabbits. Animals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15142085"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"60","article-title":"Prediction of the Apparent Digestible Energy Content of Commercial Pelleted Feeds for Rabbits","volume":"11","author":"Maertens","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Appl. Rabbit Res."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"71","article-title":"Guidelines for the Handling of Rabbit Bucks and Semen","volume":"13","author":"Boiti","year":"2005","journal-title":"World Rabbit Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.04.096","article-title":"What Is the Best Frame Rate for Evaluation of Sperm Motility in Different Species by Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis?","volume":"96","author":"Castellini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aguilar Diaz De Leon, J., and Borges, C.R. (2020). Evaluation of Oxidative Stress in Biological Samples Using the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances Assay. J. Vis. Exp., 61122.","DOI":"10.3791\/61122-v"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12024","article-title":"Dietary Fatty Acids Affect Semen Quality: A Review","volume":"3","author":"Esmaeili","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:2003008","article-title":"Oxidative Status and Semen Characteristics of Rabbit Buck as Affected by Dietary","volume":"43","author":"Castellini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reprod. Nutr. Dev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01928-6","article-title":"Sperm Preparedness and Adaptation to Osmotic and pH Stressors Relate to Functional Competence of Sperm in Bos Taurus","volume":"11","author":"Lavanya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2022.12.027","article-title":"Polymyxin B Neutralizes Endotoxin and Improves the Quality of Chicken Semen during Liquid Storage","volume":"198","author":"Sushadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-009-0870-3","article-title":"In Vitro Effects of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on Motion Parameters of Ram Epididymal Sperm","volume":"19","author":"Mirshokraei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.07.030","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Boar Sperm Is Mediated by Activation of Oxidative Phosphorylation","volume":"87","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.238.105","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide Compromises Human Sperm Function by Reducing Intracellular cAMP","volume":"238","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akl, F.M.A., El-Sheekh, M.M., Makhlof, M.E.M., and Ahmed, S.I. (2025). Antimicrobial, Antidiabetic, Antiviral, and Antioxidant Activities of Fucoidan Extracted from the Brown Seaweed Padina Pavonica. BMC Biotechnol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-025-01004-1"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Zeng, T., Zhang, E., Bin, C., Liu, Q., Wu, K., Luo, Y., and Wei, S. (2025). Plant-Based Bioactives and Oxidative Stress in Reproduction: Anti-Inflammatory and Metabolic Protection Mechanisms. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1650347"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der234","article-title":"Toll-like Receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 on Human Sperm Recognize Bacterial Endotoxins and Mediate Apoptosis","volume":"26","author":"Fujita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aitken, R.J., Drevet, J.R., Moazamian, A., and Gharagozloo, P. (2022). Male Infertility and Oxidative Stress: A Focus on the Underlying Mechanisms. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020306"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5526940","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5526940","article-title":"Omega-3 Supplementation Prevents Short-Term High-Fat Diet Effects on the A7 Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptor Expression and Inflammatory Response","volume":"2021","author":"Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castleton, P.E., Deluao, J.C., Sharkey, D.J., and McPherson, N.O. (2022). Measuring Reactive Oxygen Species in Semen for Male Preconception Care: A Scientist Perspective. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020264"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Zhang, H., Yan, H., Han, P., Zhang, J., and Liu, Y. (2025). Deciphering the Role of Oxidative Stress in Male Infertility: Insights from Reactive Oxygen Species to Antioxidant Therapeutics. Front. Biosci., 30.","DOI":"10.31083\/FBL27046"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mannucci, A., Argento, F.R., Fini, E., Coccia, M.E., Taddei, N., Becatti, M., and Fiorillo, C. (2022). The Impact of Oxidative Stress in Male Infertility. Front. Mol. Biosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.799294"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Fu, X., and Li, H. (2025). Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress-Induced Sperm Dysfunction. Front. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1520835"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/3\/289\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T10:54:38Z","timestamp":1772103278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/3\/289"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox15030289"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox15030289","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]}}}