{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:44:10Z","timestamp":1790372650722,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parastrephia quadrangularis (tola) is a native plant of the Chilean Andean Altiplano that is traditionally used for its anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, the aerial parts of the plant were analysed to determine their fatty acid (FA) profile and to identify bioactive compounds using gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS). Both conventional extraction methods and Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) were employed, using a 23 factorial design with centre-point replicates. The variables included temperature (30\u201360 \u00b0C), pressure (15\u201345 MPa), and ethanol as a cosolvent (0\u201330% v\/v). Extraction kinetics were evaluated using a linear spline model under central conditions (45 \u00b0C, 30 MPa, 15% ethanol). Response variables included extraction yield, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), antioxidant activity measured by Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC), and FA composition. A factorial design identified pressure and ethanol concentration as key drivers of phenolic content and antioxidant activity, as supported by confocal autofluorescence microscopy. Multi-response optimisation based on the desirability function was applied to simultaneously maximise all response variables, yielding predicted optimal extraction conditions at 60 \u00b0C, 45 MPa, and 30% v\/v ethanol for P. quadrangularis. The FA profile highlighted polyunsaturated FAs such as oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids, as well as saturated FAs including palmitic and lignoceric acids, and short-chain non-volatile FAs. GC\u2013MS analysis revealed metabolites potentially responsible for the plant\u2019s traditionally reported therapeutic effects. Overall, these results highlight ethanol-based SFE as a sustainable strategy for recovering phenolic compounds and antioxidant-related fractions from ancestral medicinal plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15030303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T14:55:01Z","timestamp":1772463301000},"page":"303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Improvement in the Extraction of Antioxidant-Related Compounds from Parastrephia quadrangularis (\u201ctola\u201d) Using Ethanol-Modified Supercritical Carbon Dioxide"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7690-854X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Ardiles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microencapsulation of Bioactive Compounds (LAMICBA), Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4404-9311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"Salinas-Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microencapsulation of Bioactive Compounds (LAMICBA), Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6114-6650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"July Z.","family":"Florez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro i-mar, CeBiB & MASH, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9037-3147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Luis","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extremophile Laboratory, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica Sostenible (CIQSO), I3B and CIDERTA, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Ordenes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extremophile Laboratory, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica Sostenible (CIQSO), I3B and CIDERTA, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waldo","family":"Bugue\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microencapsulation of Bioactive Compounds (LAMICBA), Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenifer","family":"Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microencapsulation of Bioactive Compounds (LAMICBA), Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta 1240000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7938-9578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Robles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extremophile Laboratory, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica Sostenible (CIQSO), I3B and CIDERTA, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2183-9342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Cuaresma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extremophile Laboratory, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica Sostenible (CIQSO), I3B and CIDERTA, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8164-1672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Vilchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extremophile Laboratory, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica Sostenible (CIQSO), I3B and CIDERTA, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0822-0844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Cerezal-Mezquita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atacama BioNatural Products S.A. Company, Iquique 1100000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6520-7940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mari Carmen","family":"Ruiz-Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extremophile Laboratory, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Qu\u00edmica Sostenible (CIQSO), I3B and CIDERTA, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.31254\/phyto.2017.6608","article-title":"General overview of medicinal plants: A review","volume":"6","author":"Dar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phytopharm."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"59","article-title":"Medicinal plants: Future source of new drugs","volume":"4","author":"Shakya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"399","article-title":"Parastrephia lucida (Meyen) Cabrera","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Isla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of South America"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2307\/3673632","article-title":"Evolution of high Andean Puna ecosystems: Environment, climate, and culture change over the last 12,000 years in the Central Andes","volume":"13","author":"Baied","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mt. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.04.013","article-title":"Inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzymes by medicinal plants from the Argentinean highlands (Puna)","volume":"205","author":"Isla","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1007\/s10230-021-00830-x","article-title":"Parastrephia quadrangularis: A possible alternative to inhibit the microbial effect on the generation of acid mine drainage","volume":"40","author":"Donati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mine Water Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-025-01346-3","article-title":"Antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of native Asteraceae from northwestern Argentina for functional food applications","volume":"80","author":"Contino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.08.088","article-title":"Influence of time, temperature and solvent on the extraction of bioactive compounds of Baccharis dracunculifolia: In vitro antioxidant activity, antimicrobial potential, and phenolic compound quantification","volume":"125","author":"Casagrande","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.07.015","article-title":"Kinetics and thermodynamics of the solid-liquid extraction process of total polyphenols, antioxidants and extraction yield from Asteraceae plants","volume":"91","author":"Valinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2013.01.014","article-title":"Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: A review","volume":"117","author":"Azmir","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poojary, M.M., Barba, F.J., Aliakbarian, B., Dons\u00ec, F., Pataro, G., Dias, D.A., and Juliano, P. (2016). Innovative alternative technologies to extract carotenoids from microalgae and seaweeds. Mar. Drugs, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/md14110214"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Protocols, P. (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA Genes for phylogenetics. A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x","article-title":"ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes\u2014Application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts","volume":"2","author":"Gardes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.2307\/2656895","article-title":"Phylogeny and biogeography of Juglans (Juglandaceae) based on matK and ITS sequence data","volume":"87","author":"Stanford","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4876","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.24.4876","article-title":"The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: Flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools","volume":"25","author":"Thompson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","article-title":"MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11","volume":"38","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syq010","article-title":"New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: Assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0","volume":"59","author":"Guindon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/19.1.83","article-title":"Methods for computing Wagner trees","volume":"19","author":"Farris","year":"1970","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"945","article-title":"A simple method for estimating and testing minimum-evolution trees","volume":"9","author":"Rzhetsky","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150802429642","article-title":"A Rapid Bootstrap Algorithm for the RAxML Web Servers","volume":"57","author":"Stamatakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2020.104824","article-title":"Supercritical fluid extraction of cha\u00f1ar (Geoffroea decorticans) almond oil: Global yield, kinetics and oil characterization","volume":"161","author":"Salinas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Meireles, M.A.A. (2008). Extraction of bioactive compounds from Latin American plants. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds, CRC Press\u2014Taylor & Francis Group."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Dom\u00ednguez, M.C., Medina, E., Salinas, F., Bugue\u00f1o, W., Fuentes, J.-L., V\u00edlchez, C., Garbayo, I., and Cerezal-Mezquita, P. (2022). Methodological optimization of supercritical fluid extraction of valuable bioactive compounds from the acidophilic microalga Coccomyxa onubensis. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11071248"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5024","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules20035024","article-title":"Secondary metabolite localization by autofluorescence in living plant cells","volume":"20","author":"Talamond","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","article-title":"Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay","volume":"26","author":"Re","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cifuentes, F., Palacios, J., Nwokocha, C.R., B\u00f3rquez, J., Simirgiotis, M.J., Norambuena, I., Chiong, M., and Paredes, A. (2019). Polyphenolic composition and hypotensive effects of Parastrephia quadrangularis (Meyen) cabrera in rat. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8120591"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.03.005","article-title":"Spices and herbs: Natural sources of antioxidants\u2014A mini review","volume":"18","author":"Embuscado","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.01.049","article-title":"Solvent effect on total phenolic contents, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of Matricaria pubescens","volume":"67","author":"Duarte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ardiles, A., Barrientos, R., Simirgiotis, M.J., B\u00f3rquez, J., Sep\u00falveda, B., and Areche, C. (2018). Gastroprotective activity of Parastrephia quadrangularis (Meyen), Cabrera from the Atacama Desert. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23092361"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaczorov\u00e1, D., Karalija, E., Dahija, S., Be\u0161ta-Gajevi\u0107, R., Pari\u0107, A., and \u0106avar Zeljkovi\u0107, S. (2021). Influence of extraction solvent on the phenolic profile and bioactivity of two Achillea species. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26061601"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(95)02227-9","article-title":"Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids","volume":"20","author":"Miller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Campos, M.R.S. (2019). Antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds biosynthesized by plants and its relationship with prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. Bioactive Compounds, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.17-0232","article-title":"Supercritical fluid extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials","volume":"100","author":"Wrona","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2020.104897","article-title":"Process integration for recovering high added-value products from Genipa americana L.: Process optimization and economic evaluation","volume":"164","author":"Vardanega","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2011.11.014","article-title":"Supercritical fluid extraction from guava (Psidium guajava) leaves: Global yield, composition and kinetic data","volume":"62","author":"Moura","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-009-0263-2","article-title":"Supercritical fluid extraction of bioactive compounds: Fundamentals, applications and economic perspectives","volume":"3","author":"Pereira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2017.03.033","article-title":"Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of Calendula officinalis: Kinetic modeling and scaling up study","volume":"130","author":"Reglero","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2019.07.007","article-title":"Pressurized liquid- and supercritical fluid extraction of crude and waste seeds of guarana (Paullinia cupana): Obtaining of bioactive compounds and mathematical modeling","volume":"117","author":"Santana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venturi, F., Sanmartin, C., Taglieri, I., Andrich, G., and Zinnai, A. (2017). A simplified method to estimate Sc-CO2 extraction of bioactive compounds from different matrices: Chili pepper vs. tomato by-products. Appl. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/app7040361"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2019.104595","article-title":"Supercritical CO2 extraction of \u03b1-\/\u03b2-amyrin from uvaia (Eugenia pyriformis Cambess.): Effects of pressure and co-solvent addition","volume":"153","author":"Klein","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khaw, K.-Y., Parat, M.-O., Shaw, P.N., and Falconer, J.R. (2017). Solvent supercritical fluid technologies to extract bioactive compounds from natural sources: A review. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22071186"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Messina, C.M., Troia, A., Arena, R., Manuguerra, S., Ioannou, T., Curcuraci, E., Renda, G., Hellio, C., and Santulli, A. (2019). Species-specific antioxidant power and bioactive properties of the extracts obtained from wild mediterranean Calendula spp. (Asteraceae). Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9214627"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos-Buelga, C., Gonzalez-Manzano, S., Due\u00f1as, M., and Gonzalez-Paramas, A.M. (2012). Extraction and isolation of phenolic compounds. Natural Products Isolation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-624-1_17"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Extraction of phenolic compounds from dry and fermented orange pomace using supercritical CO2 and cosolvents","volume":"101","author":"Nakajima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wo\u017aniak, \u0141., Marsza\u0142ek, K., Sk\u0105pska, S., and J\u0119drzejczak, R. (2017). The application of supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol for the extraction of phenolic compounds from chokeberry pomace. Appl. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/app7040322"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4299","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-020-04433-2","article-title":"Recent advances and comparisons of conventional and alternative extraction techniques of phenolic compounds","volume":"57","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2022.105833","article-title":"Valorization of granadilla waste (Passiflora ligularis, Juss.) by sequential green extraction processes based on pressurized fluids to obtain bioactive compounds","volume":"194","author":"Vardanega","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villalva, M., Santoyo, S., Salas-P\u00e9rez, L., Siles-S\u00e1nchez, M.d.l.N., Rodr\u00edguez Garc\u00eda-Risco, M., Fornari, T., Reglero, G., and Jaime, L. (2021). Sustainable extraction techniques for obtaining antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds from the Lamiaceae and Asteraceae species. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10092067"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/00224065.1980.11980968","article-title":"Simultaneous optimization of several response variables","volume":"12","author":"Derringer","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Qual. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2018.04.049","article-title":"Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Dietary sources, metabolism, and significance\u2014A review","volume":"203","author":"Saini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-012-9401-9","article-title":"The role of the tissue omega-6\/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in regulating tumor angiogenesis","volume":"32","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1276","article-title":"Resolution of inflammation: The beginning programs the end","volume":"6","author":"Serhan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.2174\/138161211795428948","article-title":"Mediterranean diet rich in olive oil and obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13811","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807500105","article-title":"Oleic acid content is responsible for the reduction in blood pressure induced by olive oil","volume":"105","author":"Benet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(00)00150-7","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of linoleic and oleic acids isolated from Helichrysum pedunculatum: A plant used during circumcision rites","volume":"71","author":"Dilika","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1039\/b812804a","article-title":"Solvents from nature","volume":"10","year":"2008","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"87","article-title":"GC\u2013MS profile, anti-seizure and anti-pyretic activities of palm kernel nut oil and its isolate, N-Octanoic acid from specially breed palm kernel Elaeis guineensis","volume":"12","author":"Alaribe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Niger. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Belwal, T., Nabavi, S.M., Nabavi, S.F., Dehpour, A.R., and Shirooie, S. (2021). Chapter 3.1.9\u2014Caprylic\/capric triglyceride. Naturally Occurring Chemicals Against Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.6810","article-title":"Conversion of levulinic acid to valuable chemicals: A review","volume":"96","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jct.2013.05.025","article-title":"Thermophysical study of methyl levulinate","volume":"65","author":"Lomba","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chem. Thermodyn."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"102","article-title":"GC\u2013MS analysis of indrakeeladri native medicine used in the treatment of stroke","volume":"9","author":"Sundarachary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.12.049","article-title":"An evidence of C16 fatty acid methyl esters extracted from microalga for effective antimicrobial and antioxidant property","volume":"115","author":"Davoodbasha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2014.12.018","article-title":"Stearic acid based oleogels: A study on the molecular, thermal and mechanical properties","volume":"48","author":"Sagiri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"138","article-title":"GC\/MS analysis and antioxidant activity of fixed oil from sudanese safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L) seeds","volume":"9","author":"Hagr","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Biol. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-009-0105-3","article-title":"Probing key targets in insulin signaling and adipogenesis using a methanolic extract of Costus pictus and its bioactive molecule, methyl tetracosanoate","volume":"31","author":"Shilpa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchese, A., Arciola, C.R., Barbieri, R., Silva, A.S., Nabavi, S.F., Tsetegho Sokeng, A.J., Izadi, M., Jafari, N.J., Suntar, I., and Daglia, M. (2017). Update on monoterpenes as antimicrobial agents: A particular focus on p-cymene. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10080947"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gladikosti\u0107, N., Ikoni\u0107, B., Tesli\u0107, N., Zekovi\u0107, Z., Bo\u017eovi\u0107, D., Putnik, P., Bursa\u0107 Kova\u010devi\u0107, D., and Pavli\u0107, B. (2023). Essential oils from Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Cupressaceae and Lamiaceae families grown in serbia: Comparative chemical profiling with in vitro antioxidant activity. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12040745"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2020.100405","article-title":"Constituents and biological activities of selected genera of the Iranian Asteraceae family","volume":"25","author":"Rustaiyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, S.C., Prasad, S., and Aggarwal, B.B. (2016). Anethole and its role in chronic diseases. Drug Discovery from Mother Nature, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41342-6"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-474X(01)00042-X","article-title":"Insecticidal properties of eugenol, isoeugenol and methyleugenol and their effects on nutrition of Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.2174\/138955712801264792","article-title":"Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of cinnamic acid derivatives","volume":"12","author":"Sova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.095554","article-title":"Chlorogenic acids from green coffee extract are highly bioavailable in humans","volume":"138","author":"Farah","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202301978","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202301978","article-title":"UHPLC-MS\/MS and GC\u2013MS metabolic profiling of a medicinal Flourensia fiebrigii chemotype","volume":"21","author":"Verni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2174\/138945007779315632","article-title":"Mitochondrial drug targets in apicomplexan parasites","volume":"8","author":"Mather","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Mukherjee, P.K. (2015). Chapter 14\u2014drugs and drug leads based on natural products for treatment and prophylaxis of malaria. Evidence-Based Validation of Herbal Medicine, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2004.06.046","article-title":"The S1 \u2190 S0 spectrum of jet-cooled p-cymene","volume":"61","author":"Philis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2010.03.087","article-title":"Supercritical fluid extraction of grape seed (Vitis vinifera L.) oil. Effect of the operating conditions upon oil composition and antioxidant capacity","volume":"160","author":"Passos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2009.03.010","article-title":"Supercritical CO2 extraction of omega-3 rich oil from Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) seeds","volume":"49","author":"Piantino","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2009.11.021","article-title":"Supercritical CO2 extraction of fatty oil from flaxseed and comparison with screw press expression and solvent extraction processes","volume":"98","author":"Pradhan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, M., and Ding, N.-Z. (2020). Plant unsaturated fatty acids: Multiple roles in stress response. Front. Plant Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.562785"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/3\/303\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T05:17:48Z","timestamp":1772515068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/3\/303"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox15030303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox15030303","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]}}}