{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T12:08:40Z","timestamp":1792757320723,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82473619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82473619"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020771","name":"Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82504409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82504409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a rapidly escalating global health crisis with limited effective treatments. Emerging research underscores the pivotal role of the microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis in AD pathogenesis, prompting the exploration into gut microbiota-targeted interventions. This narrative review aimed to comprehensively synthesize the latest epidemiological, experimental, and clinical evidence regarding the effects and mechanisms of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics (PPSPs) in AD prevention and management. We conducted a narrative review of relevant literature from the Web of Science and PubMed databases. The search focused on articles published within the last 5 years using keywords such as \u201cAlzheimer\u2019s disease\u201d, \u201cAD\u201d, \u201cgut-brain axis\u201d, \u201cgut microbiota\u201d, \u201cprobiotics\u201d, \u201cprebiotics\u201d, \u201csynbiotics\u201d, and \u201cpostbiotics\u201d. The findings suggest that PPSPs mitigate AD pathology and improve cognitive performance by modulating gut microbiota, strengthening intestinal barrier integrity, decreasing amyloid-beta (A\u03b2) deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation, reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, regulating neurotransmitter metabolism, and promoting synaptic plasticity. Some studies also report varied outcomes, attributable to factors like strain specificity, dosage, intervention duration, patient heterogeneity, and methodological differences. In conclusion, targeting the microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis with PPSPs offers a promising, mechanism-based strategy for AD, though further research is essential to optimize specific interventions for clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15030347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T08:43:31Z","timestamp":1773132211000},"page":"347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects and Mechanisms of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Postbiotics for the Prevention and Management of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"},{"name":"Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Science and Technology Research on Fruit Tree, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingzhen","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Treatment in Guangdong Province, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiying","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Diabetes Prevention and Treatment in Guangdong Province, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2332-8554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huabin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengtao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, 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