{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T08:30:59Z","timestamp":1773390659873,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of Sichuan Province","award":["2024YFHZ0325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFHZ0325"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32071161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32071161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of Sichuan Province, China","award":["2023NSFC1929"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023NSFC1929"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gut disorders are largely caused by iron-induced microbial dysbiosis. Excess iron disrupts barrier integrity by inducing oxidative stress, leading to impaired cellular processes. The determination of therapeutic compounds that can reduce iron-induced damage and maintain gut cellular integrity is still a top objective. Dimercaprol (DP) represents a novel iron-chelating strategy for the treatment of iron-induced gut disorders. A chronic iron-overload model was established in mice via intragastric gavage of ferric citrate (FC) (286 mg\/kg BW) for 16 weeks. Similarly, IPEC-J2 cells were exposed to FC (50 \u00b5mol\/L) for 24 h. DP was used as a mechanistic probe to elucidate the pathways involved in iron-induced toxicity. Cells were transfected with or without NRF2 siRNA and exposed to DP post-FC. Colonic contents were assessed via metagenomics and metabolomics. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments were analyzed through a multifaceted analysis, Western blot, RT-qPCR, ELISA, transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence assays. Thiols in DP protect gut cells from damage by boosting their natural antioxidant defenses via the NRF2\/HO-1 pathway. The DP mechanism of action is multifaceted, including enhancement of barrier integrity, protecting mitochondrial structure and function, suppression of inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and restoration of gut microbial and metabolic homeostasis. These protective effects are mainly caused by the activation of the NRF2\/HO-1 pathway, which makes DP a potential therapeutic agent for disorders caused by chronic gut injury induced by FC. DP provides strong protection against iron-induced gut damage by restoring organelle crosstalk, redox homeostasis and microbial\u2013metabolic balance through NRF2\/HO-1 signaling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15030356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T14:43:18Z","timestamp":1773240198000},"page":"356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dimercaprol Reprograms Intestinal Redox Homeostasis and Organelle Crosstalk to Combat Iron-Induced Gut Dysbiosis Through NRF2\/HO-1 Signaling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2177-9856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asad","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5529-6951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zongliang","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iftikhar Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Nutrition & Health, School of Food & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangyu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qihui","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lanlan","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wentao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9850-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengli","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.70034","article-title":"The Role of Iron as a Micronutrient in Key Biological Functions, Health and Diseases in Human","volume":"50","author":"Perera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01969-z","article-title":"Iron homeostasis and ferroptosis in human diseases: Mechanisms and therapeutic prospects","volume":"9","author":"Ru","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huo, C., Li, G., Hu, Y., and Sun, H. (2022). The Impacts of Iron Overload and Ferroptosis on Intestinal Mucosal Homeostasis and Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232214195"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.03.042","article-title":"Ferroptosis: An iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death","volume":"149","author":"Dixon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2024.100307","article-title":"The Role of Iron in Intestinal Mucus: Perspectives from Both the Host and Gut Microbiota","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114364","article-title":"Ferric citrate-induced colonic mucosal damage associated with oxidative stress, inflammation responses, apoptosis, and the changes of gut microbial composition","volume":"249","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-024-01280-y","article-title":"Mitophagy mediated by BNIP3 and NIX protects against ferroptosis by downregulating mitochondrial reactive oxygen species","volume":"31","author":"Yamashita","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70042","DOI":"10.1002\/cph4.70042","article-title":"Crosstalk Between Microbiome and Ferroptosis in Diseases: From Mechanism to Therapy","volume":"15","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116241","article-title":"Investigation the mechanism of iron overload-induced colonic inflammation following ferric citrate exposure","volume":"275","author":"Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-02524-4","article-title":"The metabolites of gut microbiota: Their role in ferroptosis in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"30","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12086","article-title":"Nutritional iron turned inside out: Intestinal stress from a gut microbial perspective","volume":"38","author":"Kortman","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yilmaz, B., and Li, H. (2018). Gut Microbiota and Iron: The Crucial Actors in Health and Disease. Pharmaceuticals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph11040098"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4911205","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4911205","article-title":"Iron Chelators in Treatment of Iron Overload","volume":"2022","author":"Entezari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7072745","article-title":"Chelation in Metal Intoxication","volume":"7","author":"Flora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11030-022-10435-3","article-title":"Identification of potential andrographolide-based drug candidate against Keap1-Nrf2 pathway through rigorous cheminformatics screening","volume":"27","author":"Jain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Divers."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101212","article-title":"Enhanced Keap1-Nrf2 signaling protects the myocardium from isoproterenol-induced pathological remodeling in mice","volume":"27","author":"Shanmugam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerr, F., Sofola-Adesakin, O., Ivanov, D.K., Gatliff, J., Gomez Perez-Nievas, B., Bertrand, H.C., Martinez, P., Callard, R., Snoeren, I., and Cochem\u00e9, H.M. (2017). Direct Keap1-Nrf2 disruption as a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. PLoS Genet., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1006593"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2015.05.008","article-title":"Discovery of direct inhibitors of Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction as potential therapeutic and preventive agents","volume":"5","author":"Abed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010818-021856","article-title":"Modulating NRF2 in Disease: Timing Is Everything","volume":"59","author":"Dodson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2025.110525","article-title":"Dimercaprol attenuates oxidative stress-induced damage of retinal ganglion cells in an in vitro and in vivo model of traumatic optic neuropathy","volume":"277","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14025","article-title":"Dimercaprol is an acrolein scavenger that mitigates acrolein-mediated PC-12 cells toxicity and reduces acrolein in rat following spinal cord injury","volume":"141","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9846","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102433","article-title":"Iron overload resulting from the chronic oral administration of ferric citrate induces parkinsonism phenotypes in middle-aged mice","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02218-4","article-title":"Iron Overload Resulting from the Chronic Oral Administration of Ferric Citrate Impairs Intestinal Immune and Barrier in Mice","volume":"199","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155067","article-title":"Zuojin pill improves chronic unpredictable stress-induced depression-like behavior and gastrointestinal dysfunction in mice via the theTPH2\/5-HT pathway","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14806\/ej.17.1.200","article-title":"Cutadapt Removes Adapter Sequences from High-Throughput Sequencing Reads","volume":"17","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBnet. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz569","article-title":"High-throughput amplicon sequencing of the full-length 16S rRNA gene with single-nucleotide resolution","volume":"47","author":"Callahan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation","volume":"12","author":"Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, A., Khan, I.A., Huang, C., Luo, Q., Qadeer, A., Jia, L., Aboul-Soud, M.A.M., Alkubaisi, N.A., and Chen, Z. (2025). Infectious bronchitis-virus-like QX strain transmission, pathogenesis, replication, and host miRNA biogenesis pathway hijacking mechanism. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1645086"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102389","article-title":"Signal amplification in the KEAP1-NRF2-ARE antioxidant response pathway","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7176","article-title":"The Roles of NRF2 in Modulating Cellular Iron Homeostasis","volume":"29","author":"Kerins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-021-00239-0","article-title":"Acrolein scavenger dimercaprol offers neuroprotection in an animal model of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Implication of acrolein and TRPA1","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2024.2446680","article-title":"Modelling ferroptosis in IPEC-J2 cells: Insights into iron-dependent cell death","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.231621","article-title":"Dietary Iron Deficiency and Oversupplementation Increase Intestinal Permeability, Ion Transport, and Inflammation in Pigs","volume":"146","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.09.021","article-title":"Ferroptosis: A Regulated Cell Death Nexus Linking Metabolism, Redox Biology, and Disease","volume":"171","author":"Stockwell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101107","article-title":"NRF2 plays a critical role in mitigating lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis","volume":"23","author":"Dodson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26613","DOI":"10.31083\/RCM26613","article-title":"Key Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress-Induced Ferroptosis in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Potential Therapeutic Approaches","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22049","article-title":"Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene exposure reduces r-GCS via suppressed Nrf2 in HepG2 cells","volume":"31","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141046","article-title":"Cell survival responses to environmental stresses via the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway","volume":"47","author":"Kensler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L267","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00288.2012","article-title":"Activating the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response element restores barrier function in the alveolar epithelium of HIV-1 transgenic rats","volume":"305","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2018.09.004","article-title":"Transient acceleration of autophagic degradation by pharmacological Nrf2 activation is important for retinal pigment epithelium cell survival","volume":"19","author":"Saito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2018.02.010","article-title":"Nrf2-Keap1 signaling in oxidative and reductive stress","volume":"1865","author":"Bellezza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4764","article-title":"Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase\/Nuclear Factor-Erythroid2-like2\/Heme Oxygenase-1 Pathway-Mediated Mitophagy Alleviates Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Intestinal Mucosa Damage and Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0023621","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00236-21","article-title":"Distinct Regulations of HO-1 Gene Expression for Stress Response and Substrate Induction","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-011112-140320","article-title":"Role of nrf2 in oxidative stress and toxicity","volume":"53","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3358","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.1c00333","article-title":"Neuroprotective Action of Multitarget 7-Aminophenanthridin-6(5H)-one Derivatives against Metal-Induced Cell Death and Oxidative Stress in SN56 Cells","volume":"12","author":"Moyano","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9427","DOI":"10.1039\/D3SC02350H","article-title":"A natural polyphenol activates and enhances GPX4 to mitigate amyloid-\u03b2 induced ferroptosis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Baruah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szad063","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Neural Dysfunction in Gastrointestinal Diseases: Can Stem Cells Offer a Solution?","volume":"12","author":"Stavely","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, P., Konja, D., Zhang, Y., and Wang, Y. (2021). Communications between Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum in the Regulation of Metabolic Homeostasis. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092195"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Quintero, M.J., Rodr\u00edguez-D\u00edaz, C., Rodr\u00edguez-Gonz\u00e1lez, F.J., Fern\u00e1ndez-Casta\u00f1er, A., Garc\u00eda-Fuentes, E., and L\u00f3pez-G\u00f3mez, C. (2023). Role of Mitochondria in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242317124"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02665-9","article-title":"Inhibition of ferroptosis in inflammatory macrophages alleviates intestinal injury in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"11","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akanyibah, F.A., He, C., Cai, P., Wang, X., Wang, Y., and Mao, F. (2025). Mechanism of cell death and its application in the repair of inflammatory bowel disease by mesenchymal stem cells. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1597462"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-022-01672-1","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and relevance to inflammation","volume":"72","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70016","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.70016","article-title":"Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum Contact Site as a Regulator of Proteostatic Stress Responses in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"47","author":"Watanabe","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2732435","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2732435","article-title":"Pharmacological Activation of Nrf2 by Rosolic Acid Attenuates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Endothelial Cells","volume":"2021","author":"Rajagru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.07.013","article-title":"Nrf2 as a regulator of mitochondrial function: Energy metabolism and beyond","volume":"189","author":"Esteras","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cantoni, O., Zito, E., Guidarelli, A., Fiorani, M., and Ghezzi, P. (2022). Mitochondrial ROS, ER Stress, and Nrf2 Crosstalk in the Regulation of Mitochondrial Apoptosis Induced by Arsenite. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11051034"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad3369","article-title":"Population-based metagenomics analysis reveals markers for gut microbiome composition and diversity","volume":"352","author":"Zhernakova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313678","article-title":"Microbiomarkers in inflammatory bowel diseases: Caveats come with caviar","volume":"66","author":"Sommer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte, P., Michalska, P., Crisman, E., Cuadrado, A., and Le\u00f3n, R. (2022). Novel Series of Dual NRF2 Inducers and Selective MAO-B Inhibitors for the Treatment of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020247"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64806","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.64806","article-title":"Anti-ferroptotic mechanism of IL4i1-mediated amino acid metabolism","volume":"10","author":"Zeitler","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2019.061","article-title":"Niacinamide Protects Skin Cells from Oxidative Stress Induced by Particulate Matter","volume":"27","author":"Zhen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263210","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2263210","article-title":"The influence of microbiota on ferroptosis in intestinal diseases","volume":"15","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02000-8","article-title":"Ferroptosis: A potential bridge linking gut microbiota and chronic kidney disease","volume":"10","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167043","article-title":"Iron overload induces colitis by modulating ferroptosis and interfering gut microbiota in mice","volume":"905","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114985","article-title":"Immunological mechanisms of inflammatory diseases caused by gut microbiota dysbiosis: A review","volume":"164","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, M., Wu, J., Wu, L., Sun, X., Chen, C., and Huang, L. (2024). The utilization of N-acetylgalactosamine and its effect on the metabolism of amino acids in Erysipelotrichaceae strain. BMC Microbiol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03505-z"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003209","article-title":"Stress-related changes in the gut microbiome after trauma","volume":"91","author":"Kelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-024-01912-6","article-title":"Ecological dynamics of Enterobacteriaceae in the human gut microbiome across global populations","volume":"10","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47273-w","article-title":"Immunoregulatory role of the gut microbiota in inflammatory depression","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Chen, B., Xiao, P., Han, D., Gao, B., Yan, Y., Zhao, R., Pan, T., Zhang, J., and Zhou, M. (2025). Yersiniabactin produced by Escherichia coli promotes intestinal inflammation through lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1542801"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez, E., Taminiau, B., Rodriguez, C., and Daube, G. (2022). Gut Microbiota Composition Associated with Clostridioides difficile Colonization and Infection. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11070781"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.07.015","article-title":"Faecalibaculum rodentium remodels retinoic acid signaling to govern eosinophil-dependent intestinal epithelial homeostasis","volume":"30","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/3\/356\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T05:55:02Z","timestamp":1773381302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/3\/356"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox15030356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox15030356","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]}}}