{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T22:34:54Z","timestamp":1782426894017,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Fibromyalgia (FM) and eating disorders (ED) represent distinct clinical entities traditionally managed within separate medical specialties, yet emerging evidence suggests significant comorbidity and potential shared pathophysiological mechanisms. Both conditions disproportionately affect women, involve complex multifactorial etiologies and substantially impair quality of life. Despite documented clinical overlaps, the mechanistic connections linking these conditions remain poorly characterized, and integrated treatment approaches are lacking. Objective: This narrative review examines the role of oxidative stress and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway dysfunction as a unifying molecular mechanism connecting fibromyalgia and eating disorders, with emphasis on implications for integrated rehabilitation strategies. Methods: We synthesized current evidence on oxidative stress pathophysiology in fibromyalgia and eating disorders, focusing on Nrf2-Keap1 pathway function, clinical comorbidity patterns and rehabilitation interventions targeting antioxidant defense mechanisms. In PubMed, representative search strings included \u201c(fibromyalgia [MeSH] OR fibromyalgia [Title\/Abstract]) AND (\u201ceating disorders\u201d [MeSH] OR \u201canorexia nervosa\u201d [MeSH] OR \u201cbulimia nervosa\u201d [MeSH])\u201d and \u201cfibromyalgia AND (\u201coxidative stress\u201d OR Nrf2 OR \u201credox\u201d)\u201d. Articles in English published through December 2025 were considered, with additional records identified by manually screening reference lists. Results: Fibromyalgia patients exhibit elevated oxidative stress markers, impaired antioxidant enzyme function and compromised Nrf2 activity correlating with disease severity, with studies reporting approximately 30\u201350% reductions in coenzyme Q10 levels compared with healthy controls. Similarly, eating disorders demonstrate mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress dysregulation, though patterns differ across eating disorder phenotypes. Nrf2 serves as the master regulator of cellular antioxidant defense, coordinating expression of over 500 genes involved in detoxification, cytoprotection, inflammation modulation and metabolic regulation. Evidence suggests Nrf2 activity is regulated by energy balance, potentially linking nutritional status with cellular stress responses. Rehabilitation interventions, including graduated exercise and nutritional optimization with Nrf2-activating foods (cruciferous vegetables, polyphenols, omega-3 fatty acids), offer mechanism-based therapeutic approaches through hormetic Nrf2 activation and direct Keap1 modification. Conclusions: Multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs integrating physical therapy, exercise prescription and nutritional strategies targeting Nrf2 activation offer evidence-based, mechanism-driven approaches to address shared oxidative stress pathophysiology. Nrf2 pathway dysfunction represents a promising and biologically plausible molecular target that may help to unify our understanding of fibromyalgia and eating disorders pending confirmation from prospective clinical studies in comorbid populations. Future research should prioritize prospective clinical trials testing Nrf2-targeted interventions in comorbid populations and collaborative patient-centered care models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15030364","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T16:27:51Z","timestamp":1773332871000},"page":"364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fibromyalgia, Eating Disorders and Rehabilitation: The Nrf2 Link"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5511-6831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Casale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Opusmedica Persons, Care & Research-NPO, 29121 Piacenza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3719-8789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Capodaglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Laboratory in Biomechanics, Rehabilitation and Ergonomics, IRCCS, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, San Giuseppe Hospital, 28824 Piancavallo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kestutis","family":"Petrikonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveni\u0173 str. 2, LT-50009 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1219-9315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Paladini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of MESVA, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piercarlo","family":"Sarzi-Puttini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, IRCCS Galeazzi-Sant\u2019Ambrogio Hospital, 20157 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1744-2932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jurga","family":"Bernatoniene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Academy,  Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50161 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v67n0807","article-title":"Comorbidity of fibromyalgia and psychiatric disorders","volume":"67","author":"Arnold","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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