{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T08:56:16Z","timestamp":1776329776771,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"RES_ANIMALBIOMED_GERMANA_RIS_COEP and MARE\u2014Mediterranean Alliance for Research and Education","award":["TNE23-00049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TNE23-00049"]}]},{"name":"RES_ANIMALBIOMED_GERMANA_RIS_COEP and MARE\u2014Mediterranean Alliance for Research and Education","award":["B71I24000240006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B71I24000240006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injuries may produce deleterious effects on hepatic tissue after liver surgery and transplantation. The consequences of IR are more evident in pathological steatotic livers. Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) is known for its potential to modulate inflammatory responses and enhance antioxidant defenses. The current investigation assessed whether spirulina pretreatment mitigates hepatic IR injury exacerbated by steatosis in rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: sham, IR, HFD, HFD + IR, and SP1000 (HFD + IR + spirulina 1000 mg\/kg\/day; oral gavage). Liver injury, oxidative stress, inflammatory signaling, and inflammasome\/pyroptosis-related markers were assessed using serum transaminases, hematoxylin\u2013eosin staining, immunofluorescence, and qRT-PCR. High-fat diet-fed rats developed steatosis, which significantly worsened IR-induced liver damage, as shown by the respective steatosis histological score, the elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and higher expression of inflammatory markers, including Toll-like receptor (TLR4), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1\u03b2) and inflammasome\/pyroptosis-related transcripts, namely NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), interleukin-18 (IL18), and gasdermin D (GSDMD). Oxidative stress was exacerbated, as reflected by higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced antioxidant defenses (superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, reduced glutathione (GSH) content, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) expression, and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression). Furthermore, HFD + IR upregulated sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) expression and downregulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expression. Spirulina supplementation significantly attenuated liver injury and transaminase release, reduced MDA, restored antioxidant parameters, downregulated inflammatory and inflammasome-related gene expression, and shifted both SREBP-1c and AMPK expressions toward control levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15030390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T15:38:01Z","timestamp":1773934681000},"page":"390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spirulina Preconditioning Attenuates Ischemia\u2013Reperfusion Injury in a Steatotic Rat Liver Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Eya","family":"Baily","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Genome and Multifactorial Diseases (LR12ES07), Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9432-4588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamel","family":"Mhalhel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zebrafish Neuromorphology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell\u2019 Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5395-9617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soumaya","family":"Ben Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Genome and Multifactorial Diseases (LR12ES07), Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Zaouali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Genome and Multifactorial Diseases (LR12ES07), Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8195-4986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Montalbano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zebrafish Neuromorphology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell\u2019 Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Naouar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Genome and Multifactorial Diseases (LR12ES07), Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0934-3619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"German\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zebrafish Neuromorphology Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell\u2019 Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5474-5268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassen","family":"Ben Abdennebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Human Genome and Multifactorial Diseases (LR12ES07), Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws448","article-title":"Prevalence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the United States: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20131994","volume":"178","author":"Lazo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. 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