{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T02:45:08Z","timestamp":1785465908572,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["YDZJ202601ZYTS266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZJ202601ZYTS266"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the Korean government","award":["RS-2019-NR040057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2019-NR040057"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the Korean government","award":["RS-2021-NR059240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2021-NR059240"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the Korean government","award":["RS-2025-24534946"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-24534946"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011908","name":"Korea National Arboretum","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["KNA1-1-28-24-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KNA1-1-28-24-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011908","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean government","award":["RS-2024-00440614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00440614"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effects of static magnetic field (SMF) treatment on the solid-state culture of Sanghuangporus vaninii (SV) were investigated to enhance metabolite production and bioactivity. SMF parameters including intensity, exposure duration, and temperature were optimized, and treatment at 4 mT for 2 h per day produced the most pronounced effects, increasing total flavonoid (TFC), polyphenol (TPC), and triterpenoid (TTC) contents by 61\u2013438% compared with the control. Ultrasonic extraction and semi-preparative chromatography enabled the isolation of three key compounds: D-(+)-trehalose (1), 5,7-dihydroxy-3,4\u2032-dimethoxyflavone (2), and pinolenic acid (3), all of which were elevated following SMF treatment. Importantly, SMF exposure was associated with enhanced inhibitory activities against enzymes relevant to chronic metabolic disorders. The overall inhibitory activities against \u03b1-amylase, \u03b1-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase, and xanthine oxidase increased by 6\u201328% compared with the control, reaching a maximum inhibition of 97.60 \u00b1 0.17%. Preliminary in vitro screening at 100 \u03bcg\/mL showed that compounds 1 and 2 inhibited both \u03b1-amylase and \u03b1-glucosidase, whereas compound 3 selectively inhibited pancreatic lipase. Subsequent IC50 analysis confirmed that compound 2 under SMF treatment exhibited inhibitory activity comparable to acarbose against \u03b1-amylase (45.62 \u03bcg\/mL vs. 52.18 \u03bcg\/mL) and \u03b1-glucosidase (38.74 \u03bcg\/mL vs. 35.42 \u03bcg\/mL). In addition, compound 3 showed moderate inhibition of pancreatic lipase with an IC50 value of 42.15 \u03bcg\/mL. These findings suggest that SMF treatment may enhance metabolite production and in vitro enzyme inhibitory activity in S. vaninii. However, these results are limited to in vitro assays, and further studies including cellular and in vivo validation, toxicity assessment, and pharmacokinetic evaluation, are required before any therapeutic or industrial applications can be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15040406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T12:58:59Z","timestamp":1774357139000},"page":"406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Magnetic Field-Driven Regulation of Bioactive Metabolites and Metabolic Enzyme Inhibition in Sanghuangporus vaninii"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qiurui","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seo Yoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7987-1488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"KH Ahammad Uz","family":"Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DKI College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7988-9202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helong","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun 130032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5285-9138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ki Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.133731","article-title":"Structural diversity and bioactivity of polysaccharides from medicinal mushroom Phellinus spp.: A review","volume":"397","author":"Luan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2017.1413572","article-title":"Chemical constituents from the fruiting bodies of Phellinus igniarius","volume":"32","author":"Thanh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-010-2711-3","article-title":"Current advances in Phellinus sensu lato: Medicinal species, functions, metabolites and mechanisms","volume":"87","author":"Dai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4110","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-020-04872-x","article-title":"Effects of Curculigo pilosa supplementation on antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of yam flour","volume":"58","author":"Karigidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765x.2002.01041.x","article-title":"Mycelial growth and exo-biopolymer production by submerged culture of various edible mushrooms under different media","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H.X., Zhang, X.Y., Gu, L.L., Li, Q., Ju, Y., Zhou, X.B., Hu, M., and Li, Q. (2022). Anti-gout effects of the medicinal fungus Phellinus igniarius in hyperuricaemia and acute gouty arthritis rat models. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.801910"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2021.101248","article-title":"Quercetin is a promising pancreatic lipase inhibitor in reducing fat absorption in vivo","volume":"43","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, S.Y., and Huang, G.L. (2023). The inhibitory activity of natural products to xanthine oxidase. Chem. Biodivers., 20.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202300005"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2014.09.002","article-title":"Recent advances in natural product discovery","volume":"30","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMedMushrooms.v16.i5.30","article-title":"Effects of medium components and culture conditions on mycelial biomass and the production of bioactive ingredients in submerged culture of Xylaria nigripes (Ascomycetes), a Chinese medicinal fungus","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Mushrooms"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111700","article-title":"Comparative transcriptome analysis of Monascus purpureus at different fermentation times revealed candidate genes involved in exopolysaccharide biosynthesis","volume":"160","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.4149\/gpb_2011_04_410","article-title":"Investigation of a weak magnetic field effect on the in vitro catalytic activity of adenosine deaminase and xanthine oxidase","volume":"30","author":"Batcioglu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gen. Physiol. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2023.103382","article-title":"Enhancing submerged fermentation of Antrodia camphorata by low-frequency alternating magnetic field","volume":"86","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.132392","article-title":"Effect of static magnetic field treatment on the germination of brown rice: Changes in \u03b1-amylase activity and structural and functional properties in starch","volume":"383","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-023-03732-y","article-title":"Extracellular lipase production by Yarrowia lipolytica under magnetic fields","volume":"39","author":"Machado","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarraf, M., Kataria, S., Taimourya, H., Santos, L.O., Menegatti, R.D., Jain, M., Ihtisham, M., and Liu, S. (2020). Magnetic field (MF) applications in plants: An overview. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9091139"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.12.080","article-title":"Use of static magnetic fields to increase CO2 biofixation by the microalga Chlorella fusca","volume":"276","author":"Deamici","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.07.018","article-title":"Effect of moderate static electric field on the growth and metabolism of Chlorella vulgaris","volume":"218","author":"Nezammahalleh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2004.09.006","article-title":"Effect of seed pretreatment by magnetic field on the sensitivity of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seedlings to ultraviolet-B radiation","volume":"54","author":"Yao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s12298-018-0505-8","article-title":"Seed pretreatment with magnetic field alters the storage proteins and lipid profiles in harvested soybean seeds","volume":"24","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Biol. Plants"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-017-2332-4","article-title":"Magnetic treatment of microalgae for enhanced product formation","volume":"33","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109680","article-title":"Use of magnetic fields and nitrate concentration to optimize the growth and lipid yield of Nannochloropsis oculata","volume":"253","author":"Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00362-6","article-title":"Effect of 0.2 T static magnetic field on human neurons: Remodeling and inhibition of signal transduction without genome instability","volume":"267","author":"Pacini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.2478\/v10247-012-0024-8","article-title":"Simulation of magnetic field effect on a seed embryo cell","volume":"26","author":"Socorro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Agrophys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2019.102972","article-title":"Dipyridamole inhibits \u03b1-amylase\/\u03b1-glucosidase at sub-micromolar concentrations; in-vitro, in-vivo and theoretical studies","volume":"88","author":"Esmaeili","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.58.1.6","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: Renaissance half a century after the discovery of allopurinol","volume":"58","author":"Pacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-024-01486-1","article-title":"New autophagy-modulating lanostane-type triterpenoids from a hallucinogenic poisonous mushroom Gymnopilus orientispectabilis","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-025-01553-1","article-title":"Activation of cryptic biosynthetic pathways in Saccharopolyspora spinosa through deletion of the spinosyn gene cluster: Induction of cryptic and bioactive natural products","volume":"48","author":"Bridget","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.20307\/nps.2024.30.4.262","article-title":"Aster glehni ethanol extract inhibits inflammatory responses regulating skin barrier molecules in human keratinocytes","volume":"30","author":"Gil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.20307\/nps.2024.30.2.135","article-title":"Phenolic compounds isolated from Juncus decipiens and their effects on osteoblast differentiation in the mouse mesenchymal stem cell line C3H10T1\/2","volume":"30","author":"Cho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"178","article-title":"Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods","volume":"10","author":"Chang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.17-0066","article-title":"Validation of spectrophotometric methods for the determination of total polyphenol and total flavonoid content","volume":"100","author":"Matic","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s40199-020-00342-z","article-title":"Validated spectrophotometric method for quantification of total triterpenes in plant matrices","volume":"28","author":"Pedrosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"DARU J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2006.06.001","article-title":"Inhibitory potential of herb, fruit, and fungal-enriched cheese against key enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes and hypertension","volume":"8","author":"Apostolidis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(01)00877-8","article-title":"A preparation and screening strategy for glycosidase inhibitors","volume":"57","author":"Hollingsworth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.05.053","article-title":"Anti-obesity effect of Morus bombycis root extract: Anti-lipase activity and lipolytic effect","volume":"130","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.12205","article-title":"Antioxidant, \u03b1-glucosidase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of bioactive compounds from maize (Zea mays L.)","volume":"83","author":"Nile","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.66.1576","article-title":"Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor from the seeds of balsam pear (Momordica charantia) and the fruit bodies of Grifola frondosa","volume":"66","author":"Matsuur","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(99)00086-6","article-title":"Constituents of Haplopappus sonorensis","volume":"70","author":"Dimayuga","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2024.105842","article-title":"A new integrated strategy for high purity pinolenic acid production from Pinus koraiensis sieb. Et zucc seed oil and evaluation of its hypolipidemic activity in vivo","volume":"175","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-008-1226-x","article-title":"Synthesis of Ethyl 5 Z, 9 Z, 12 Z-octadecatrienoate (ethyl pinolenate) and Methyl 12 Z, 15 Z-octadecadienoate","volume":"85","author":"Kaltia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2024.02.006","article-title":"Mechanisms of the increase triterpenoids content of morchella eximia induced by salicylic acid and magnetic field","volume":"145","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2023.115453","article-title":"Static magnetic field exposure improved the volatile composition and aroma attribute of fresh-cut flower mushrooms (Lentinus edodes (berk) sing)","volume":"188","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"LWT\u2013Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1134\/S1021443722040124","article-title":"Impact of static magnetic field on the callogenesis, phytochemical production and antioxidant enzymes in Anthemis gilanica","volume":"69","author":"Nasiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Russ. J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28152","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA02955A","article-title":"Aspects of extraction and biological evaluation of naturally occurring sugar-mimicking sulfonium-ion and their synthetic analogues as potent \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitors from Salacia: A review","volume":"7","author":"Bagri","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.128119","article-title":"Fruit, vegetables, and mushrooms for the preparation of extracts with \u03b1-amylase and \u03b1-glucosidase inhibition properties: A review","volume":"338","author":"Papoutsis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.68.369","article-title":"Structure-activity relationships for \u03b1-glucosidase inhibition of baicalein, 5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone: The effect of a-ring substitution","volume":"68","author":"Gao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7131","DOI":"10.1021\/jf900855v","article-title":"Black-tea polyphenols suppress postprandial hypertriacylglycerolemia by suppressing lymphatic transport of dietary fat in rats","volume":"57","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2016.03.011","article-title":"Hplc method development for the online-coupling of chromatographic Perilla frutescens extract separation with xanthine oxidase enzymatic assay","volume":"124","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2017.02.001","article-title":"Competitive binding experiments can reduce the false positive results of affinity-based ultrafiltration-hplc: A case study for identification of potent xanthine oxidase inhibitors from Perilla frutescens extract","volume":"1048","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.113316","article-title":"Integration of multi-omics analyses highlights the secondary metabolism response of tomato fruit to low temperature storage","volume":"173","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.1220","article-title":"Effect of cultural conditions on antrodin C production by basidiomycete Antrodia camphorata in solid-state fermentation","volume":"61","author":"Xia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2003.11.026","article-title":"Optimization of submerged culture conditions from mycelial polysaccharide production in Cordyceps pruinosa","volume":"39","author":"Xiao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deamici, K.M., de Morais, M.G., dos Santos, L.O., Gros, F., Costa, J.A.V., and Laroche, C. (2022). Magnetic field action on Limnospira indica pcc8005 cultures: Enhancement of biomass yield and protein content. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12031533"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1007\/s12155-022-10562-7","article-title":"Low electromagnetic fields applied to Chlorella fusca cultivation to increase production of microalga-based carbohydrates","volume":"16","author":"Deamici","year":"2023","journal-title":"BioEnergy Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, R.A., Bourbon-Melo, N., and S\u00e1-Correia, I. (2022). The cell wall and the response and tolerance to stresses of biotechnological relevance in yeasts. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.953479"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17R","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwg047","article-title":"New insights on trehalose: A multifunctional molecule","volume":"13","author":"Elbein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3","article-title":"Effect of trehalose on protein structure","volume":"18","author":"Jain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1308","article-title":"Effects of static magnetic field on biomolecules: The role of trehalose in protecting protein structure","volume":"50","author":"Campo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/4\/406\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T05:23:19Z","timestamp":1774502599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/4\/406"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox15040406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox15040406","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]}}}