{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T13:06:28Z","timestamp":1775135188528,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science","award":["BG-RRP-2.004-0006-C02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG-RRP-2.004-0006-C02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Optic neuropathy represents a leading cause of irreversible vision loss, in which oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, dysregulated lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to the progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). In recent years, a number of nutraceuticals have been investigated as potential neuroprotective agents; however, the molecular mechanisms through which they exert their effects remain incompletely understood and are often considered in isolation. In the present in silico study, an integrative network-based approach was applied for a systematic analysis of the predicted molecular targets of selected nutraceuticals with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. By combining target prediction, protein\u2013protein interaction analysis, and functional enrichment, their functional convergence was assessed in the context of optic nerve pathophysiology. The results indicate that, despite their chemical and functional heterogeneity, the investigated nutraceuticals do not act through fully independent mechanisms but instead converge on interconnected regulatory axes. In particular, lipid\u2013inflammatory signaling, epigenetic and stress-adaptive mechanisms, as well as nuclear-receptor mediated transcriptional regulation emerged as key pathways. These pathways form integrated molecular models potentially determining cellular susceptibility to injury and the adaptive capacity of RGCs. In conclusion, the present analysis provides a systems-level framework for understanding the neuroprotective potential of nutraceuticals, highlighting the importance of network convergence and multi-target activity. The obtained results support the conceptual shift from isolated antioxidant strategies towards integrative, network-oriented approaches in the study of optic neuropathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15040445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T11:51:03Z","timestamp":1775130663000},"page":"445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Network Analysis of Convergent and Specific Molecular Pathways of Nutraceuticals with Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Potential in Glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2184-2114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavlina","family":"Teneva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Care, Medical College, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2135-066X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvia","family":"Stamova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7161-6070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaloyan","family":"Varlyakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Care, Medical College, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4713-5346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neli","family":"Ermenlieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2732-6839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Georgieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Training Sector \u201cMedical Laboratory Technician\u201d, Medical College of Varna, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8812-4881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todorka","family":"Kostadinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Health Care Management, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University Prof. Dr. P. Stoyanov, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Smith, A.M., and Czyz, C.N. (2025). Neuroanatomy, Cranial Nerve 2 (Optic). StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1212\/01.CON.0000453312.37143.d2","article-title":"Visual loss due to optic chiasm and retrochiasmal visual pathway lesions","volume":"20","author":"Glisson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanz-Morello, B., Ahmadi, H., Vohra, R., Saruhanian, S., Freude, K.K., Hamann, S., and Kolko, M. (2021). Oxidative Stress in Optic Neuropathies. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10101538"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catalani, E., Brunetti, K., Del Quondam, S., and Cervia, D. (2023). 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