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Here, a polyphenol-rich mango leaf extract (MLE) was obtained by enhanced solvent extraction and incorporated into PLA using supercritical carbon dioxide-assisted impregnation. Two manufacturing sequences were compared: impregnation after three-dimensional (3D) printing of discs and impregnation of filaments prior to printing. Extract yield and radical scavenging capacity were quantified, and impregnation efficiency was assessed as a function of pressure and temperature. Biological performance was evaluated using adipose tissue-derived endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), cultured separately and in co-culture on functionalized substrates. Impregnation after printing provided higher and more reproducible loading while preserving disc geometry, whereas impregnation before printing promoted swelling and printing-associated deformation that compromised structural fidelity. Cell-based analyses supported improved adhesion, spatial distribution, and proliferative status on discs produced by impregnation after printing under low-temperature and high-pressure conditions, without evidence of selective loss of either population in co-culture by flow cytometry. These results support post-print supercritical impregnation as a robust route to generate antioxidant, cell-supportive PLA scaffolds from agricultural by-products with potential relevance for vascular-oriented biomedical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15040454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T03:11:28Z","timestamp":1775445088000},"page":"454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functionalization of 3D Printed Polylactic Acid by Supercritical CO2 Impregnation with Mango Leaf Extract and Evaluation with Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells and Mesenchymal Stromal Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6654-4217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismael","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Gomar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of C\u00e1diz, 11003 C\u00e1diz, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), 11002 C\u00e1diz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"C\u00e1ceres-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of C\u00e1diz, 11003 C\u00e1diz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Cejudo-Bastante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of C\u00e1diz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3521-0628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Casimiro","family":"Mantell-Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of C\u00e1diz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1283-7230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourdes","family":"Casas-Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of C\u00e1diz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00aa Carmen","family":"Dur\u00e1n-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of C\u00e1diz, 11003 C\u00e1diz, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), 11002 C\u00e1diz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.22259","article-title":"Biomedical Applications of Biodegradable Polymers","volume":"49","author":"Ulery","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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