{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:41:37Z","timestamp":1775742097655,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents an integrated approach for producing antioxidant-rich polar fractions from Inula salicina L. via pressurised ethanol\/water extraction (PLE-EtOH\/H2O), optimised by coupling a central composite design and response surface methodology (CCD-RSM) with Aspen Plus\u00ae simulation. The effects of PLE temperature, extraction time, and EtOH\/H2O ratio for yield, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) content, and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) measured in ABTS\u2022+-scavenging, cupric ion reducing antioxidant (CUPRAC) and oxygen radical absorbance (ORAC) assays were assessed via a multi-response optimisation approach. Optimal conditions were set at 82 \u00b0C, 27 min, and 60% EtOH (v\/v), yielding ~29 g extract per 100 g plant material, characterised by high TPC (227 mg GAE\/g), TFC (34 mg QE\/g), and TEAC values in the CUPRAC (1473 mg TE\/g), ABTS (869 mg TE\/g), and ORAC assays (1165 mg TE\/g). The TPC and TEAC values of the post-extraction residue were &gt;92% lower than those of unextracted I. salicina, confirming efficient recovery of the major portion of antioxidant-active constituents by PLE-EtOH\/H2O. The high in vitro radical scavenging capacity, reducing power, and photoprotective potential (sun protection factor ~50 at 0.5 mg\/mL) of the I. salicina extract are consistent with its phenolic-rich composition, with chlorogenic acid (~97 mg\/g extract) and its derivatives being the major constituents. The validated Aspen Plus\u00ae model closely aligned with the CCD-RSM predictions, supporting process scale-up and energy feasibility and demonstrating an industry-relevant, green-solvent PLE process for producing higher value-added I. salicina fractions with potential applications in the food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic sectors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15040466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T12:21:32Z","timestamp":1775737292000},"page":"466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aspen Plus\u00ae-Validated CCD\u2013RSM Optimisation of Pressurised Ethanol\/Water Extraction for Sustainable Recovery of Antioxidant and Photoprotective Constituents from Inula salicina L."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Marius","family":"U\u017eupis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvil\u0117n\u0173 Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1634-5762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michail","family":"Syrpas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvil\u0117n\u0173 Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrius","family":"Jask\u016bnas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvil\u0117n\u0173 Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6063-8132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petras Rimantas","family":"Venskutonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvil\u0117n\u0173 Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3401-0058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaida","family":"Kitryt\u0117-Syrpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvil\u0117n\u0173 Rd. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoenders, R., Ghelman, R., Portella, C., Simmons, S., Locke, A., Cramer, H., Gallego-Perez, D., and Jong, M. 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