{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:59:08Z","timestamp":1792180748047,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007817","name":"Rzesz\u00f3w University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XXX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XXX"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007817","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["XXX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XXX"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03pfsnq21","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an age-related disorder increasingly linked to chronic inflammation and redox imbalance, yet its systemic oxidative and nitrosative profile remains insufficiently characterized. In this cross-sectional study, fasting serum samples were collected from 47 men with clinically confirmed BPH scheduled for transurethral resection of the prostate and 40 healthy controls. We assessed antioxidant status (thiols, total antioxidant capacity), lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal), protein nitration (3-nitrotyrosine), glycoxidation markers (Amadori products, advanced glycation end products (AGE)-associated fluorescence), and tryptophan metabolism indices (tryptophan, kynurenine, N\u2032-formylkynurenine). Compared with controls, BPH patients showed significantly lower antioxidant capacity and thiol levels, together with increased lipid peroxidation and protein nitration. AGE-associated fluorescence was modestly elevated, whereas Amadori products and advanced oxidation protein products did not differ significantly. Tryptophan metabolism was markedly altered, with lower tryptophan and higher kynurenine and N\u2032-formylkynurenine, indicating activation of the kynurenine pathway. After false discovery rate correction, most redox biomarkers remained significant. Multivariable logistic regression confirmed independent associations of lipid peroxidation, nitrosative stress, and kynurenine pathway activation with BPH after adjustment for age and metabolic parameters. These findings support a role for systemic oxidative and inflammatory mechanisms in BPH pathophysiology, although confirmation in age-matched and longitudinal studies is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15040488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T15:47:02Z","timestamp":1776181622000},"page":"488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Systemic Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Marek","family":"Biesiadecki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, al. Tadeusza Rejtana 16C, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1129-3553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina","family":"Galiniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, al. Tadeusza Rejtana 16C, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8706-1927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Balawender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, al. Tadeusza Rejtana 16C, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Po\u0142e\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, al. Tadeusza Rejtana 16C, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9962-6788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Mo\u0142o\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Natural Protection, and Sustainable Development, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, al. Tadeusza Rejtana 16C, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.19.0012","article-title":"Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: Prevalence and Factors Associated with Help-Seeking in Male Primary Care Attendees","volume":"41","author":"Isa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J. Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Govedarica, S., Ra\u0161kovi\u0107, A., Vojinov, S., Grbi\u0107, D., Popov, M., Vu\u010dkovi\u0107, B., Ze\u010devi\u0107, D., Strili\u0107, D., and Jeremi\u0107, D. (2025). Factors Associated with Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Undergoing Pharmacological Treatment: A Cross-Sectional Study. Medicina, 61.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61122244"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5644","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90229-3","article-title":"Comprehensive Analysis of the Global, Regional, and National Burden of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia from 1990 to 2021","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329456","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/329456","article-title":"Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A New Metabolic Disease of the Aging Male and Its Correlation with Sexual Dysfunctions","volume":"2014","author":"Corona","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaltsas, A., Giannakas, T., Stavropoulos, M., Kratiras, Z., and Chrisofos, M. (2025). Oxidative Stress in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Mechanisms, Clinical Relevance and Therapeutic Perspectives. Diseases, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases13020053"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1080\/13685538.2018.1434772","article-title":"Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms\/Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Erectile Dysfunction","volume":"22","author":"Calogero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u0142\u00f3ciniczak, A., Bukowska-Olech, E., and Wysocka, E. (2025). The Complexity of Oxidative Stress in Human Age-Related Diseases\u2014A Review. Metabolites, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15070479"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8416763","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8416763","article-title":"Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits for Human Health","volume":"2017","author":"Pizzino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, K., Jiang, Z., Luo, W., Li, J., Liang, D., Liu, L., and Long, Z. (2025). The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Transformation from Prostatitis to Prostate Cancer: A Review. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1662792"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, J., Zheng, Y., Chen, D., Zeng, Y., Zhang, J., Chang, D., and Chang, C. (2025). The Pathogenesis of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and the Roles of Prdx3, Oxidative Stress, Pyroptosis and Autophagy: A Review. Front. Oncol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1579539"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2009.05.009","article-title":"Increased Oxidative\/Nitrosative Stress and Decreased Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Prostate Cancer","volume":"42","author":"Eken","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1159\/000315064","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer","volume":"85","author":"Pace","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urol. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/66837","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Parameters in Patients with Prostate Cancer, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Asymptomatic Inflammatory Prostatitis: A Prospective Controlled Study","volume":"26","author":"Kaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-012-0229-4","article-title":"Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Patients and Comparison with Controls","volume":"27","author":"Ahmad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70133","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.70133","article-title":"Oxidative\/Nitrosative Stress, Apoptosis, and Redox Signaling: Key Players in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"39","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"702","article-title":"Molecular markers associated with prostate cancer: 3-nitrotyrosine and genetic and proteic expression of Mn-superoxide dismutasa (Mn-SOD)","volume":"62","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Esp. Urol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perkovic, M.N., Jaganjac, M., Milkovic, L., Horvat, T., Rojo, D., Zarkovic, K., \u0106ori\u0107, M., Hudolin, T., Waeg, G., and Orehovec, B. (2023). Relationship between 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) as Systemic Biomarker of Lipid Peroxidation and Metabolomic Profiling of Patients with Prostate Cancer. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13010145"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twarda-Clapa, A., Olczak, A., Bia\u0142kowska, A.M., and Kozio\u0142kiewicz, M. (2022). Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGEs): Formation, Chemistry, Classification, Receptors, and Diseases Related to AGEs. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11081312"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., Tu, C., Chen, X., and He, R. (2025). Advanced Glycation End Products in Disease Development and Potential Interventions. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14040492"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05538-5","article-title":"Production, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Strategies of Tryptophan Metabolites in CNS Diseases","volume":"63","author":"Shi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuentes-Lemus, E., H\u00e4gglund, P., L\u00f3pez-Alarc\u00f3n, C., and Davies, M.J. (2021). Oxidative Crosslinking of Peptides and Proteins: Mechanisms of Formation, Detection, Characterization and Quantification. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010015"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2025.107093","article-title":"Tryptophan Metabolism in Health and Disease- Implications for Non-Communicable Diseases","volume":"277","author":"Gabela","year":"2026","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y.-H., Lee, J., Kuo, H.-C., and Wu, Y.-H. (2025). Urinary Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers as Indicators for the Clinical Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136516"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.230122","article-title":"The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species, Inflammation, and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response in the Finasteride Protective Effect against Benign Prostate Hyperplasia","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Mens Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2017.1398403","article-title":"Long-Term Stability of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Human Serum","volume":"51","author":"Jansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1089\/bio.2020.0126","article-title":"Storage Duration Affects the Quantification of Oxidative Stress Markers in the Gastrocnemius, Heart, and Brain of Mice Submitted to a Maximum Exercise","volume":"20","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biopreserv. Biobank."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","article-title":"Protein Measurement with the Folin Phenol Reagent","volume":"193","author":"Lowry","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(59)90090-6","article-title":"Tissue Sulfhydryl Groups","volume":"82","author":"Ellman","year":"1959","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0292","article-title":"The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of \u201cAntioxidant Power\u201d: The FRAP Assay","volume":"239","author":"Benzie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity Applying an Improved ABTS Radical Cation Decolorization Assay","volume":"26","author":"Re","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05042-4","article-title":"Assay for Blood Plasma or Serum","volume":"105","author":"Yagi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(83)90078-5","article-title":"Fructosamine: A New Approach to the Estimation of Serum Glycosylprotein. An Index of Diabetic Control","volume":"127","author":"Johnson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"669","article-title":"Determination of Advanced Glycation End Products in Serum by Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Competitive ELISA","volume":"35","author":"Keis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/14.8.1968","article-title":"Advanced Glycated End-Products (AGE) during Haemodialysis Treatment: Discrepant Results with Different Methodologies Reflecting the Heterogeneity of AGE Compounds","volume":"14","author":"Henle","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.5.2524","article-title":"Advanced Oxidation Protein Products as Novel Mediators of Inflammation and Monocyte Activation in Chronic Renal Failure","volume":"161","author":"Friedlander","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Diplock, A.T., Symons, M.C.R., and Rice-Evans, C.A. (1991). Techniques in Free Radical Research, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.035","article-title":"The Role of Thiols in Antioxidant Systems","volume":"140","author":"Ulrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9093","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65918-w","article-title":"Thiol Groups as a Biomarker for the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Prostate Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Koike","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2017.72285","article-title":"Is Oxidative Stress Measured by Thiol\/Disulphide Homeostasis Status Associated with Prostate Adenocarcinoma?","volume":"43","author":"Kozanhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14190","DOI":"10.1111\/and.14190","article-title":"Total Thiol Can Contribute to Differentiating Prostate Cancer from BPH: Prostate Thiol Index as a New Player","volume":"53","author":"Arpa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1080\/13685538.2020.1858048","article-title":"Lower Thiol, Glutathione, and Glutathione Peroxidase Levels in Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis Study","volume":"23","author":"Sajjaboontawee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3897\/jbcr.e125424","article-title":"Antioxidant Status in Patients with Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer","volume":"17","author":"Velkovska","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/0962935031000097745","article-title":"Malondialdehyde in Benign Prostate Hypertrophy: A Useful Marker?","volume":"12","author":"Merendino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1","article-title":"MDA as A Bio-Marker for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Pakistani Population","volume":"1","author":"Arif","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. J. Cancer Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12420","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Benign Prostate Hyperplasia","volume":"48","author":"Zabaiou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrera, G., Pizzimenti, S., Daga, M., Dianzani, C., Arcaro, A., Cetrangolo, G.P., Giordano, G., Cucci, M.A., Graf, M., and Gentile, F. (2018). Lipid Peroxidation-Derived Aldehydes, 4-Hydroxynonenal and Malondialdehyde in Aging-Related Disorders. Antioxidants, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox7080102"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"412","article-title":"Expressions of glutathione S-transferase P1 and 4-hydroxynonenal and the progression of prostate cancer","volume":"23","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"e190003","article-title":"Peroxynitrite-Mediated Dimerization of 3-Nitrotyrosine: Unique Chemistry along the Spectrum of Peroxynitrite-Mediated Nitration of Tyrosine","volume":"4","author":"deBoer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med One"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgy012","article-title":"Extracellular Matrix Glycation and Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products Activation: A Missing Piece in the Puzzle of the Association between Diabetes and Cancer","volume":"39","author":"Rojas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2022.101350","article-title":"Non-Enzymatic Glycoxidation Linked with Nutrition Enhances the Tumorigenic Capacity of Prostate Cancer Epithelia through AGE Mediated Activation of RAGE in Cancer Associated Fibroblasts","volume":"17","author":"Krisanits","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ka\u0142u\u017ca, A., Szczykutowicz, J., and Ferens-Sieczkowska, M. (2021). Glycosylation: Rising Potential for Prostate Cancer Evaluation. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13153726"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2004.09.022","article-title":"Glycosylation of Urinary Prostate-Specific Antigen in Benign Hyperplasia and Cancer: Assessment by Lectin-Binding Patterns","volume":"38","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2010.08.009","article-title":"A Sensitive Assay to Measure Biomarker Glycosylation Demonstrates Increased Fucosylation of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) in Patients with Prostate Cancer Compared with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia","volume":"411","author":"Dwek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Icer, M.A., Ko\u00e7ak, T., Acar-Tek, N., Yesil, S., and Icer, Y. (2025). Serum Neopterin and Kynurenine as Predictive and Prognostic Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer: The Role of Dietary Inflammatory Index and Biomarker Interactions. BMC Cancer, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-025-14300-y"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mor, A., Tankiewicz-Kwedlo, A., Ciwun, M., Lewkowicz, J., and Pawlak, D. (2024). Kynurenines as a Novel Target for the Treatment of Inflammatory Disorders. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13151259"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"667","article-title":"The Effect of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia on Total Antioxidant Capacity and Protein Peroxidation in Canine Prostatic Fluid and Spermatozoa","volume":"26","author":"Bielecka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611694","DOI":"10.1080\/13685538.2025.2611694","article-title":"Association between Oxidative Balance Score and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: An Analysis Based on the NHANES from 2003 to 2008","volume":"29","author":"Xie","year":"2026","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, P., Lozano, P., Ros, G., and Solano, F. (2023). Hyperglycemia and Oxidative Stress: An Integral, Updated and Critical Overview of Their Metabolic Interconnections. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119352"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23100","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Promotes Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia","volume":"76","author":"Vital","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(94)00171-F","article-title":"DNA Base Modifications and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Human Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia","volume":"18","author":"Olinski","year":"1995","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."}],"container-title":["Antioxidants"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/4\/488\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T04:17:57Z","timestamp":1776917877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3921\/15\/4\/488"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["antiox15040488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox15040488","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3921"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3921","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]}}}