{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:01:06Z","timestamp":1785416466902,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hobel Family Foundation"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/032wd7d36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F30MD017527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F30MD017527"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["F30MD017527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F30MD017527"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0493hgw16","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antioxidants"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over 85% of young women in the United States do not meet fruit and vegetable intake recommendations, placing them at risk for low antioxidant nutrient intake. Social health programming (SHP) can improve dietary intake of fruits and vegetables, but it is not known how SHP impacts serum levels of specific antioxidant nutrients. This observational cohort study assessed the effect of participation in SHP through Girls Inc., Omaha, on serum carotenoid, retinol, and tocopherol levels for 12\u201329-year-old women. Serum nutrient levels were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography and nutrient intake from diet was measured using three 24 h dietary recalls (ASA24\u00ae). Pearson chi-squared tests, Mann\u2013Whitney U tests, and linear regressions were used to compare differences in nutritional status between SHP participants and non-participants. After adjustment for age and race\/ethnicity, SHP participation was associated with significantly higher serum concentrations of total lycopene, \u03b4-tocopherol, \u03b2-carotene, \u03b2-cryptoxanthin, lutein + zeaxanthin, and \u03b1-carotene. There were no between-group differences in average daily intake of carotenoids, vitamin A, or vitamin E after adjustment for race\/ethnicity and age. These findings suggest that SHP may be a successful intervention to improve antioxidant nutritional status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15040498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T15:14:12Z","timestamp":1776352452000},"page":"498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Social Health Programming During Adolescence Is Associated with Increased Serum Levels of Carotenoids, Vitamin A, and Vitamin E in Young Women: An Observational Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8847-968X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Drakowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1541-0155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"VanOrmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ebers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Mayhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8439-7671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anum","family":"Akbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0820-1221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colman","family":"Freel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0076-4604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taija","family":"Hahka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6954-0059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebekah A. S.","family":"Rapoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corrine","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Nutrition Education Program, College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1951-8734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keyonna M.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaryn","family":"Mustoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8554-0708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa K.","family":"Thoene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8496-2543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann L.","family":"Anderson-Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zieli\u0144ska, M.A., Weso\u0142owska, A., Pawlus, B., and Hamu\u0142ka, J. 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