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It will be shown that saffron treatment might counteract oxidative damage in the retina and brain, as well as inflammation and inflammatory mediators that induce neuronal degeneration and death. The ways of action are multiple, and saffron chemical components appear to act in a synergistic manner, inducing tissue resilience. These effects critically depend upon the saffron chemical composition and structure. A well-defined ratio among molecules is linked to a patented batch known as Repron\u00ae and offers the maximum protection against neurodegeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15040501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T10:11:04Z","timestamp":1776420664000},"page":"501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Saffron as a Retinal Neuroprotectant: A Narrative Review of Preclinical Studies and Clinical Results"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2474-4672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Anna","family":"Maggi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hortus Novus Srl, Via Campo Sportivo 2, 67050 Canistro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocco","family":"Mastromartino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Sanit\u00e0 Pubblica, Sezione di Medicina Genomica, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Piccardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Otorinolaringoiatriche ed Oftalmologiche, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo Maria","family":"Minnella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Otorinolaringoiatriche ed Oftalmologiche, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Marangoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento Universitario Clinico di Scienze Mediche, Chirurgiche e Della Salute, Clinica Oculistica, Universit\u00e0 di Trieste, 34151 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Di Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Synaptic Neuroscience (NSYN), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), 16152 Genoa, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, DIMES Unige, 16132 Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1694-1062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedetto","family":"Falsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Otorinolaringoiatriche ed Oftalmologiche, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4157-111X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Bisti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale Biosistemi e Biostrutture (INBB), 00136 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.05.035","article-title":"Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Europe","volume":"124","author":"Colijn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Disease Burden Projection for 2020 and 2040: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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